Teachinghearts	History of the Empires in Bible Prophecy "Explore the Word. Change the World"	Statistics: Time: 400 minutes Print: 75 pages

	Babylon	Medo-Persia	Greece			Rome			Rome Falls		Papacy	Europe		Russia	United States
Occupation of the Holy Land											Byzantine			Islam
Covenant Knowledge Dispersed											Dark Ages		Knowledge Increases

	Babylon	Medo-Persia	Greece	Rome - Caesars		Rome - Papal	Decline of Rome
	Europe	French Revolution	European Union	Uniting Europe		Jesuits	30 Years War
	Historical Dates	Ottoman Empire	Islam	The New World		United States	Colonial Era
	Maccabes	House of Herod	The Time of Christ	Fall of Jerusalem		High Priests	Bar Kokaba Revolt
	Inventions	Evolution of Travel	Evolution of Speed	Wars	Disease	Famine	Disasters List
	History of Money	Barter and Trade	Modern Banking	Boom and Bust		1929 Collapse	Great Depression
Church History		Adventist History	Time Line	Maps	Crucifixion	Current Trends	Legends

The History of Israel
This is a summary of the history of Israel and the descendants of Abraham. The dates that are used up to 722 BCE are a result of our own chronology.

• Abraham (2147 BC). About 430 years after the flood, God called Abraham out of Ur of the Chaldees (modern day Iraq). He was a Hebrew (Haibru) who was to be the father of a nation who would serve God. As the promise lingered and Abraham remained childless, he had a son, Ishmael, by the maid of his wife Sarah.
  Ishmael became the father of the Arab nations east of Israel.
  Abraham's nephew, Lot, became the father of the nation of Moab and Ammonites (Jordan).
• Isaac (2122 BC). Abraham and Sarah eventually had the promised child, Isaac, when he was 100 and she was 90.
• Jacob and Esau. Isaac had twin sons Esau and Jacob. Jacob tricked Esau into giving up the birthright and he became the heir of the promise.
  Esau became the father of the Edomites (Idumeans) who lived in the south east of Israel.
• The Twelve Tribes. Jacob had twelve sons by four women. He received the name, Israel before the last son was born.
• Joseph. The ten older boys sold their brother Joseph into slavery. He was carried away to Egypt where He became governor 13 years later.
• Slavery in Egypt (400-430 Years). Famine caused the sons to go to Egypt for food. When they finally recognized their brother and went back to their father, Israel migrated to Egypt with about 70 members of the tribe as honored guests because Joseph was the governor of Egypt. The Israelites lived in Egypt until a new Pharoah made them slaves.
• Exodus (1502-1462 BC). Moses led them from Egypt to Canaan in a journey that took 40 years and the lives of all the original people except two.
• Canaan: The Promised Land (1462 BC). Joshua led them across the Jordan into the Promised Land and helped them to conquer many of the nations.
• Leadership.
  • Priests. The priesthood belonged to the tribe of Levi and the children of Aaron.
    • Mishkan. 13 high priests served in this portable temple over 490 years.
    • Solomon's Temple. 18 high priests served over 410 years.
    • Herod's Temple. 300 high priests served over 420 years, most served less than a year. Tradition states that many died during the Yom Kippur services. This temple was built by Zeruabbel and Joshua the high priest after they returned from Babylon. Herod the Great remodeled the temple.
    • Future. In 1967, Jerusalem and the Temple Mount returned to Jewish sovereignty after the six day war. The muslim buildings occupy the site.
  • Judges (440 years). After the exodus, the judges ruled until the people demanded a king.
  • Kings. King Saul was from the tribe of Benjamin and then King David and the line of Judah became the rulers forever.
  • Hasmoneans. After the Maccabean revolt against the Greeks, the priests took over the office of kings.
  • Herodians. The Romans allowed the Idumeans to rule Israel.
• The Division of the Kingdom (922 BC). The kingdom was divided between Rehoboam (Judah) and Jeroboam (Israel) with the capital at Shechem.

  Exodus	David		Kingdom Divided (922 BC)		Assyria	Captivity of Israel and Samaria (Northern Tribes)
  					Babylon		Persia	Greece		Rome				Britain	State of Israel (1948)
  (Mishkan)					Captivity of Judah (Southern Tribes)
  13 High Priests (490 Years)		18 High Priests (410 Years) (Solomon's Temple)					300 High Priests (420 Years) (Second Temple)						Sanhedrin, Nasi and Geon Yaacov

• Assyrian Captivity of the Northern Kingdom (721 BC or 722 BCE).
  The ten northern tribes were conquered by Assyria and assimilated.
• Foreign Occupation of the Southern Kingdom (597). The southern tribes of Judah and Benjamin were finally conquered.
  • Babylon (609-539). Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon conquered Judea.
  • Medo-Persia (539-334). Cyrus of Persia conquered Judea.
  • Greece (334-197). Alexander the Great of Greece conquered Judea.
  • Rome (197 BC-636 AD). Rome controlled or occupied the region.
• Roman Occupation (63 BC-636 AD). Rome occupied Judea.
  • Christian (27-311). The baptism of Jesus to the conversion of Emperor Constantine.
  • Jewish Revolts (70 AD-132 AD). There were two revolts against Rome. The temple was destroyed after the first (70 AD) and Jerusalem was destroyed after the second revolt (132-135 AD). Then the people were exiled in 136 AD. Judea was renamed Palestine.
  • Byzantine Rule (313-636). In 306, the capital was moved to Byzantium (Constantinople). Christianity became the official religion with the Edict of Milan (313).
• Islamic Rule (610-1920). Islam spreads across the region and occupies Palestine (Judea).
  » Crusades (1095-1291). Christian Europe attempts to take the Holy Land from Muslims.
  » Mamluk Rule (1291-1516). Egyptians.
  » Ottoman (1500-1920). The Turks ruled the region.
• British (1918-1948). The British conquered Egypt in 1882 and became a power in the region until the British capture Jerusalem from Turks under the command of General Allenby.
  • Uganda Scheme (1903). The British offer the Jews a homeland in Uganda.
  • McMahon-Hussein Correspondence (1915-16). The exchange of letters between the British high commissioner in Egypt and the Sharif of Mecca about the future political status of the lands under the Ottoman Empire. Since the Ottoman empire was aligned with Germany, it encouraged the Arabs to revolt in June 1916 and promised them independence and sovereign unity as a nation without an independent Jewish state.
  • Sykes-Picot Agreement (May 1916). While promising the Arabs independence, France and Britain were planning to place the region under their own jurisdiction. There was a secret agreement between Britain, France and Russia to divide the areas of the Ottoman Empire after the eventual defeat of the Turks. France controlled Syria and Lebanon. Great Britain controlled Iraq, Palestine and Transjordan. Russia controlled the Turksh Straits with guaranteed access for its Black Sea ports to the Mediterranean Sea.
  • The Balfour Declaration (1917). It favors a Jewish-Palestinian state.
  • Palestinian Mandate (1922). The League of Nations granted the British a mandate to establish the land of Israel in Palestine.
• Holocaust and World War 2 (1939-1945). Adolph Hitler and the Nazi party of Germany tried to exterminate the Jews during World War 2. One third of the global Jewish population was killed, 6 million people including 1.5 million children.
• State of Israel (1948). On May 14, a permanent homeland was arranged for the Jews and the modern state of Israel was born. They were attacked by the combined Arab armies of Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq. In the truce agreement, Jerusalem is divided between Israel in West Jerusalem, and Jordan in the Eastern part of the city including the Temple Mount and the Western Wall. The Jews capture eastern Jerusalem after the six day war in 1967.
• New Jerusalem (Future). The nation of Israel is the model of the people of God who will live here forever. The city will be located on the Mount of Olives. The future temple will be the people, not a building. We will inherit houses that we did not build because God builds the homes for us.

A Jewish Homeland
So the Jews have lived in the land since 1500 BC, occupying a region as far north as Lebanon and across the Jordan river over 40 miles within the border of Jordan down to the borders of Egypt in the south. A series of foreign occupation, attempts at genocide, exiles and expulsions have scattered them across the globe and their culture has survived assimilation despite the incredible odds against them. Throughout this they have always retained a presence in the land, until the were about one third of the population when the state of Israel was created.
On that day the Lord made a covenant with Abram saying, "To your descendants I will give this land, from the river of Egypt as far as the great river, the river Euphrates." (Genesis 15: 18)
The descendants of Abram were Isaac and Ishmael and sons of another concubine, Keturah. Isaac fathered Jacob (Israel) and Esau. Abraham gave all the children except Isaac, the land to the east of Israel (Genesis 16: 12 and Genesis 25: 5-6). Ishmael and Esau live east of Israel as far as the Euphrates (Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, northern Saudi Arabia and southern Iraq).
Israel's inheritance was from the Mediterranean to east of the Jordan including the Arnon valley, the Arabah and mount Hermon, north in Lebanon as far as Sidon and south to the river of Egypt (Joshua 12-13).

• Scattering. Many events caused the scattering of the Jews throughout the world.
  • Assyrian Invasion (722 BCE). Ten tribes were taken away and absorbed into the Assyrian empire. Since they were generally not obedient to the laws, their customs may be sightly different. At the time of Christ descendants of these Israelites were called Samaritans and they hated the Jews. By this time they may have lost their identity as Jews.
  • Roman Exile (136 AD). Rome exiled them from Judea, but the Jews remained the majority in the land until the fourth century.
  • The Old World. Jews lived in the Pale of Settlement, an area between the Crimea and Poland. For centuries they were driven out of one place after another with their civil rights granted at the mercy of whoever ruled.
  • Spanish Inquisition. Many Jews were expelled from Spain and portugal.
  • The New World. Jews reached Recife, Brazil in 1642, New Amsterdam (New York) in 1654 and Jamaica in 1655.
• Zionism. The quest to find a permanent Jewish home land came as a result of centuries of persecution and genocide. A few incidences escalated the urgency.
  • Dreyfus Affair. 15 October 1894. A Jew is falsely accused of treason in France and French mobs shout "Kill the Jews". It prompted Theodore Herzl and some other Jewish leaders to look for a place to resettle because of fear of an impending catastrophe for Jews of Europe.
  • Holocaust. During the holocaust, many countries refused to help the Jews and many took advantage of their situation and robbed them of their possessions. The long history of persecution demanded an answer to the question of providing a safe, permanent home for the Jews.
• The Gathering: Large Scale Immigration (Aliyah). By the time the state was created, Jews were one third the population of Palestine.
  • Sephardic Jews (1400's). They emigrated from Spain and Portugal when they were expelled. Ashkenazic Jews later emigrated from Europe.
  • Rabbis (1211). A group of 300 rabbis from France and England settle in Palestine
  • Russia (1882-1903).
  • Yemen (1882 and 1908-1914). 35,000
  • Russia and Poland (1904-14). 40,000
  • Russia (1919-23). 40,000 emigrated after the first world war.
  • Poland and Hungary (1924-32). 82,000
  • Germany (1929-1939). 250,000 emigrated from Nazi Germany. Between 1933-48, 110,000 were smuggled in to Palestine when the British limited the immigration quota.
  • Arab Countries (1948-50). After the Arab-Israeli war in 1948 many Jews were expelled from Arab countries. Over 500,000 emigrated.
  • Iran (1979). 30,000 emigrated in the Iranian revolution.
  • Russia (1980). Jews emigrated after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
  • Others. Jews have emigrated from Ethiopia, Argentina and France.
• The Palestinian Question. The creation of the state of Israel immediately provoked a war and a Palestinian exodus. They became refugees in the surrounding nations and their status has been unresolved since. Believing that the war against the Jews would be quick, the Arabs encouraged the Palestinians to leave despite the assurances of the Jews. Now they remain in refugee camps in the neighboring states without rights or opportunities for the past 60 years. Within Israel, the Palestinians are concentrated in east Jerusalem, the Gaza strip and the West Bank.
  
  » Original Owners. Before the Hebrews possessed the land around 1500 BC, it was occupied by seven nations who were driven out. They were Caananite, Amorite, Perizzite, Hivite, Girgashites, Jebusites and Hittites. Their identity as a people have been lost.
  The Land That You See. The Lord said to Abram, after Lot had separated from him, "Now lift up your eyes and look from the place where you are, northward and southward and eastward and westward; for all the land which you see I will give it to you and to you forever. And I will make your descendants as the dust of the earth, so that if anyone can number the dust of the earth then your descendants can also be numbered.
  The Land Where You Walk. Arise, walk about the land through the length and breadth, for I will give it to you." (Genesis 13: 14-17)
  Abraham sent all his other children to live east of the land of Israel. So the Arab nations are probably descended from these children mixed with the seven nations who were driven out.
  » Land Purchases. Abraham and David also purchased some of the land.
  • Hebron (400 Shekels). Abraham bought this land as a burial site (Genesis 23: 15-20).
  • Altar (50 Shekels). David bought the threshing floor to build an altar (2 Samuel 24: 24).
  • Temple Mount (600 Shekels). David bought the site to build an altar (1 Chronicles 21: 22-25; 22: 1-2).
  » Land Ownership. Under Ottoman rule and previous Arab empires, the land belonged to the state. Only a very small percentage of land was privately owned, while the rest was registered for private use if taxes (tithe) were paid and if it did not lay fallow for three years. When the question of distribution occurred, the land was designated as either Jewish or non-Jewish. However the non-Jewish portion was both Arab and a majority of government owned land.
  » Miri Land (Leased Government Land). This land was not acquired by purchase, but by squatting and registering a claim for use. When the land was no longer productive, it was simply abandoned and another land was registered for use. It could be passed to heirs and sublet as long as it did not lay fallow for three years.
  It is more likely that most of the non-Jewish land available for public use was leased in this fashion. At the time Israel was created, an attempt was being made to convert these registered or leased land to private ownership as long as users could prove that they paid taxes.
  » Jewish Land Ownership. Although the Jews produced double the tax revenues, by 1948, the assumption is that they had purchased less than 8% (6-10%) of the land of Palestine, while the Arabs "owned" about 45% and the rest was government land. At the same time, the British government was trying to stop the sale of land to the Jews it was giving away miri land to the Palestinians or sell it to them at very cheap prices.

Assyria

Prophetic Footprints
Assyria is not mentioned in the prophecies of Daniel and Revelation because they were not a power who threatened or will threaten Israel when the prophecies were given.
Map of the Assyrian Empire

The Assyrian empire extended from the mountains of Armenia to northern Mesopotamia with Nineveh as the capital. The empire developed in three phases.

• Old Kingdom ("2376-1770 BC"). The kingdom was a collection of merchant city-states until they were conquered by the Amorites. Then Hammurabi of Babylon conquered Ashur until they were conquered by the Kassites. Shamshi Adad I united all Assyrian city-states.
• Middle Kingdom ("1771 or 1379-910 BC"). Then the Hurrians of the Mitanni kingdom controlled Ashur until they were conquered by Adad Nirari I (1310-1281). Shalmaneser I expanded the kingdom into Hittite territory
• Neo-Assyrian Kingdom ("911-612 BC"). Ashur Uballit I gains Assyrian independence from Mittani and the kingdom grows to be a great power at the rule of Tiglath-Pileser III until it ended with the fall of Nineveh to the Babylonians in 612 BC.

  Assyrian Invasions of Israel
  Year	King	Tribes Deported	Bible Text
  740 BC	Tilgathpilneser III	Reuben, Gad, Manasseh (east), Naphtali	I Chronicles 5:26, II Kings 15:29
  725 BC	Shalmaneser V	Siege	II Kings 17: 3-6; 18: 11
  722 BC	Sargon II	Samaria captured	Isaiah 20: 1
  700 BC	Sennacherib	Invaded southern Israel and tried to conquer Judah	II Kings 18: 3-5; 19

  These kings captured the northern tribes of Israel.
  Samaritans. The tribes exiled by Assyria are known as the ten lost tribes. The Assyrians repopulated the land with other people and intermarriage with the people produced the Samaritans whose religion was corrupted by this foreign influence.

Babylon

Prophetic Footprints Visions 604-553 BC. Swift conquest Superior to the other kingdoms No divisions Conquered by Medo-Persia 70 year captivity of Jews in Babylon Will be subdued for 2520 years Map of the Babylonian Empire
Kings of Assyria and Babylon
King	Year	Dynasty
Tudiya	2376-2342	Dynasty 1
Hammurabi	1792-1750
Shamshi Adad I	1810-1771	Middle Assyrian
Ashur Uballit I	1379-1341
Adad Nirari I	1310-1281
Ashur-Rabi II	1012-997
Ashur-Resh-Ishi II	996-965
Tiglath-Pilasar II	964-933
Ashur-Dan II	932-910
Ashur Nirari II	909-889	Dynasty X (Assyria and Babylon)
Tukulti Ninurta II	888-884
Ashur Nasirpal II	883-859
Shalmaneser III	858-824
Shamshi Adad V	823-810
Shammuramat (Shamiram)	809-792
Adad Nirari III	791-782
Shalmaneser IV	781-772
Ashur Dan III	771-764
HadadNirari	763-754
AshurNirari V	753-746
Tiglath Pilesar III (Pul)	745-727
Shalmaneser V	726-722
Marduk-apal-iddina II (Merodach-Baladan)	722-710
Sargon II the Great (Sarrukin)	722-705
Sennacherib (Sin-ahhe-eriba)	705-681
Esarhaddon (Assur-ahha-iddina)	680-669
Ashurbanipal (Osnappar)	668-627
Ashur Etil Llani	626-621
Sin-Sharishkun	620-612
Ashur Uballit II	611-605
612 BC. Nineveh falls to Babylon
Chaldou	640-627	Dynasty XI (Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean)
Nabopolassar	626-605
Nebuchadnezzar II	605-562
Amel-Marduk (Evil-Merodach)	562-560
Nergal-Sharezer (Neriglissar)	560-556
Labashi-Marduk	556
Nabonidus and son Belshazzar (co-ruler)	555-539 535-539
Cambyses	538-522
539 - Cyrus the Great of Persia captured Babylon Mentioned in the Bible

Babylon, the current location of modern day Iraq, was located on the river Euphrates close to the site of the modern city of Baghdad in Iraq. It is located in a flat valley between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, known as "the land between the rivers". At its height, the empire ranged from the Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf and from Asia Minor to Egypt.

Nebuchadnezzar was the chief ruler of the empire, he succeeded his father Nabopolassar who died while Nebuchadnezzar was on a military campaign against Egypt in Palestine.

Nebuchadnezzar made three attacks against Jerusalem. The first attack against Jerusalem was in 605 BC during the reign of King Jehoiakim, he seized a selected group of captives which included Daniel and his three friends. He also confiscated some of the sacred vessels of God's temple. He trained these captives for government service. In ancient times, is was customary for a conquering nation to capture princes from the conquered lands. The prince would be trained and educated and when the throne of the conquered nation became available, the captured prince who was now friendly towards his conquerors would be installed as king. This practice ensured peace between the nations, first because the king would not want to see his captured heir harmed and second, because they made the next generation their friend.

The second attack was in 597 BC when King Jehoiakim rebelled and was killed. In this invasion, Nebuchadnezzar took even more captives than before from the upper class of Judah including the new king Jehoiachin. Ezekiel the prophet went into captivity during this invasion. He also seized a much larger portion of the Temple's treasures.

The Destruction of Solomon's Temple. In 586 BC, Nebuchadnezzar came for the last time again because King Zedekiah was rebellious and leaning towards an alliance with Egypt. Determined that rebellion would never rise again, this time Nebuchadnezzar decided to destroy Judah. At the end of an extended siege, he leveled the city of Jerusalem and completely destroyed the temple. He led most of the survivors to Babylon to serve as slaves.

The Fall of Ancient Babylon. In 539 BC, the kingdom of Babylon was invaded in one night when Cyrus dammed up the river Euphrates, this dried up the Euphrates river and the soldiers entered the city under the walls and conquered the empire. He placed Darius the Mede as the ruler.

Prophecy of Babylon's Future
Babylon will be destroyed and never rebuilt. This prophecy of Isaiah written about 100 years before Babylon became a super power is remarkable.
. . . The day of the Lord is at hand; it shall come as a destruction from the Almighty . . . Look, I will stir up the Medes against them . . . And Babylon, the glory of kingdoms, the beauty of the Chaldeans` pride, shall be as when God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah. It shall never be inhabited . . . neither shall the Arabian pitch tent there, neither shall shepherds make their flocks to lie down there. But wild beasts of the deserts shall lie there. (Isaiah 13: 6, 17,19-20)

100 years after Isaiah's prophecy, Jeremiah writes the following when Babylon was about to attack Jerusalem.
Look, I will raise up against Babylon a destroying wind . . . Babylon is suddenly fallen and destroyed . . . Prepare against (Babylon) the nations, with the kings of the Medes . . . Babylon shall become heaps (ruins), a dwelling place for jackals, an astonishment and an hissing, without inhabitant . . . The broad walls of Babylon shall be utterly overthrown, and her high gates shall be burned with fire . . . O Lord, You have spoken against this place to cut it off, that none shall dwell therein, neither man nor beast, but it shall be desolate for ever . . . (Jeremiah 51)
Great cities are rebuilt when they are destroyed. But not Babylon.

Current State.

The Fall of Babylon

So Babylon's fate is to be uninhabited by neither man nor beast (except for wild beasts). The fall of Babylon came in several stages over many centuries. Attacked by the Medes and Persians Attacked by the Greeks Attacked by the Romans 140 BC - the irrigation system was destroyed in the Parthian conquest. It slowly declined after this and was abandoned by the third century. Attacked by warlike tribes (Arabs, Turks) 2003 - Antiquities and site ruined by war and soldiers occupying site

The site of the ancient city of Babylon (196 square miles) is still uninhabited. The ground is infertile through impregnation with salt. The ancient city of Babylon lay in ruins for centuries, it is inhabited by wild creatures and is avoided by nomadic Arabs tribes after dark for fear of evil spirits. Scholars doubted that it existed until archaeological excavations in the nineteenth century found the city.
Its decline was sealed with the collapse of its infrastructure. Babylon depended on a complex irrigation system of dams and canals between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Its famous hanging gardens depended on this intricate system. But, in 140 BC, the irrigation system collapsed during the Parthian conquest. The results, according to the The Encyclopedia Americana was that

“The soil became saturated with mineral salts, and a crust of alkali formed over the surface, making agricultural use impossible.”

200 years later, Babylon was still a populous city, but by the third century AD, the historian Dio Cassius described a visitor to Babylon as finding

... nothing but mounds and stones and ruins. (LXVIII, 30).

Its people survive today in another location as part of Iraq.

Saddam Hussein. Saddam Hussein was busy with a grandiose and extravagant project to rebuild ancient Babylon, with his name engraved repeatedly in the bricks of its walls. He planned to remove the capital from Baghdad. His plans came to a halt when he ran out of money and became involved in the Iraqi War in 1990 with the United States helping Kuwait. The place was further destroyed when Polish soldiers made a base there in the 2003 war with the United States.
He was doomed to failure, like Napoleon, Hitler, Charlemagne and others who attempted to defy the prophecies of God by reviving kingdoms which were to remain destroyed.

See Map of the empire of Babylon. Map of the city of Babylon. Map of Iraq and the Holy Land.

Prophetic Footprints Swift conquest Inferior to Babylon Two Divisions. The stronger would be the second Conquers three powers Conquered by a power from the East Map of the Medo-Persian Empire
Kings of Persia (Achaemenid Dynasty)
King		Year	Decree
1	Cyrus II the Great	559-530	Ezra 1: 1-4
2	Darius the Mede	539-536	None
Persian Rulers Only
1	Cambyses II	538-522	None
2	Bardiya (Smerdis)	522	None
3	Darius 1 (the great)	522-486	Ezra 6: 7-12
4	Xerxes 1 (Ahasuerus)	486-465	Esther
	He warred against the Greeks
5	Artaxerxes 1 (Longimanus)	465-425	Ezra 7: 11-12 Nehemiah 2:1
6	Xerxes 2	424	None
7	Sogdianus	424	None
8	Darius 2	423-405	None
9	Artaxerxes 2	404-359	None
10	Artaxerxes 3	358-338	None
11	Arses	337-336	None
12	Darius 3	335-330	None
Alexander the Great		330-323	Greek Empire
Cyrus left Darius the Mede in charge as governor
Achaemenes, Teispes, Cyrus 1 and Cambyses ruled before the conquest of Babylon

Medo-Persia
The Medo-Persian empire was a combination of two empires, the older Median empire and the newer Persian. At its height it extended from India to Ethiopia. In 553 BC or 550 BC, Cyrus, who had been king of Persia as a vassal of the Median empire, defeated Astyages of Media. So, the former subordinate Persians became the dominant power in the former Median empire.

Three Powers Defeated. In the rise to power, Medo-Persia conquered three great powers - Lydia, Egypt and Babylon.

1. Lydia. Moving west in 547 BC, Croesus of Lydia was defeated. Croesus was a wealthy king who had allied himself with Egypt and Babylon against Medo-Persia - but they were all defeated.
2. Babylon. It was defeated in 539 BC.
3. Egypt. To the south Egypt and Nubia were conquered by 538 BC. The conquest continued north against the Scythians in 513 BC.

The old nation of Persia now survives as Iran.

The Persian and Greek Wars.

• Darius I (the Great). Leader of Persia, Babylon and Egypt, he extended the kingdom into India and Europe (Thrace) and used the great Egyptian wealth to finance building projects in Persepolis, Susa, and Ecbatana. He fought two disastrous wars with the Greeks. The Greco-Persian wars lasted from 499-479 BC.
  • Naval Fleet Lost (492 BC). After the Greek cities of Ionia in Asia Minor revolted in 499 BC and burned the capital city of Sardis in Lydia, Darius sent 600 ships to crush the revolt but half of them were lost in a sudden wind storm near Mount Athos.
  • Battle of Marathon (490 BC). In 490 he sent another 600 ships across the Aegean and landed on the plains of Marathon near Athens. 6400 Persians and 192 Greeks were killed in the battle.
    A messenger ran 26 miles and brought the good news to Athens. Then he collapsed and died. A footrace of 26 miles and 385 yards is called a marathon.
  For the next ten years the Greeks built their naval supremacy.
• Xerxes I. He was the son of Darius and a daughter of Cyrus the great and the husband of the Hebrew queen Esther. He stopped an Egyptian revolt in his first year. Around 484 BC, he also destroyed the Babylonian temples and took the statue of Marduk (Bel) and killed the priest that tried to stop him. Then he melted the solid gold statue of Marduk, ending the traditions at the Baylonian new year's festival in which the king had to hold the statue. He banned the name of Babylon and called them Chaldeans. His actions caused a rebellion in 484 and 479 BC.
  He gathered a huge army of 2,000,000 from 46 nations which included some of the smaller Greek states (Carthage, Thessaly, Thebes and Argos), 1200 ships from the Egyptians and Phoenicians and 180,000 Persian soldiers (half the Persian army).
  • Bridges Lost (480). To avoid the dangerous waters near Mount Athos, the Persians dug a canal and built a bridge of ships across the Hellespont, but it was destroyed by a storm.
  • Battle of Salamis (480 BC, September 28). He began his conquest in the spring of 480 BC with victories everywhere. They defeated a small group of soldiers led by king Leonidas of Sparta guarding the narrow pass of Thermopylae. They burnt Plataea, Thespiae and set fire to Athens, burning the Acropolis. They met the smaller Greek navy off the coast of Attica and the island of Salamis. Outnumbered three to one, the Greeks destroyed 200 Persian ships, but only lost 40. Xerxes executed the Phoenician captains, so the Egyptians and Phoenicians went home. Then the Greeks defeated the Persians at Plataea (479 BC) and at Mycale. A peace treaty was signed thirty years later in 449 BC and Xerxes tried bribery and diplomacy to influence the Greeks.
  • Battle of Eurymedon (466 BC). The Greeks from Athens formed the Delian league and liberated Thrace and most of Europe from Persian influence. In 466 BC, 200 Greek ships invaded Caria. Xerxes sent eighty ships which were captured after the battle of Eurymedon. Now the Greeks had influence over Asia Minor as the Persians lost power.
• Darius III. The empire ended when Darius III (Codomannus) was defeated by Alexander the Great in several battles (the battle of Granicus (334 BC), the battle of Issus (333 BC) and the battle of Arbela in 331 BC).

Decrees to Rebuild Jerusalem. When the Jews left Babylon, it took three decrees before the city was finally rebuilt. The first two had little effect, but the final decree provided financial aid in the rebuilding.

1. First Decree. 536 BC. Issued by Cyrus and recorded in Ezra 1: 1-7
2. Second Decree. 518 BC. Issued by Darius and recorded in Ezra 6: 1-12
3. Third Decree. 457 BC. Issued by Artaxerxes and recorded in Ezra 7: 12-26

Prophecy of the Future of Medo-Persia
Persia was to remain until the end of time. But it would never receive its former glory. The nation now exists as Iran.
See Map

The Largest Army. Before the Greeks conquered Persia, Darius III assembled the largest army ever created to try and stop the progress of the Greeks (over 1,000,000 men from 40 different nations). He was still defeated by Alexander in the Battle of Arbela (also known as the battle of Gaugamela), who had no money and only 35,000 men. Alexander was only 25 years old. The independent, warring Greek states allied themselves to fight for their freedom.

Greece

Prophetic Footprints Swift conquest One strong ruler, who is 'broken' early Kingdom divided in four Kingdom became a dominant Northern and Southern kingdom Map of the Greek Empire
Rulers of Greece
King		Year	Conqueror	Territory	Dynasty
Philip II		359-334 BC	-	Macedonia	Argead
Alexander III the Great		334-323 BC	Liquor	Greece
Perdiccas		323-321 BC	Diadochi (The Successors)	Greece	Perdiccas was Regent, then Antipater
Antipater		321-319 BC		Greece
-	Arridaeus (Philip III)	323-317 BC		Greece
-	Alexander IV	323-310 BC		Greece
1	Ptolemy	323-30 BC	Octavian	Egypt, Palestine	Diadochi Wars 323-301
2	Seleucus	312-63 BC	Pompey	Syria, Persia, Babylon
3	Lysimachus	323-281 BC	Seleucus	Thrace, Asia Minor
4	Antipater, Cassander	321-168 BC	Aemilius Paullus	Greece, Macedonia

The Greek states were in constant civil wars. They had been fighting the Persians and even fought among themselves. The Athenians and Spartans were constantly at war. In 431, under the leadership of Pericles, they started the Peloponnesian War when the Spartans invaded the Athenians. They had different military strengths. The Spartans were good at land wars and Athens had a strong navy. After many years of fighting, the peace of Nicias was signed.
In 415 BC, Alicibiades convinced the Athenians to attack Sicily. Their navy was defeated. Then the Spartans attacked them in their weakened state and the Persians joined in. In 405 the rest of their navy was destroyed and they surrendered to the Spartans in 404 BC.
It took the threat of Persian domination and the strong leadership of Alexander to unite the warring states and form a great empire.

Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great 356-323 BC is respected as the most powerful and brilliant of all military leaders. He had defeated much of the known world in 13 years by the age of 33.
Succeeded to the throne in 336 BC as king of Macedon on the death of his father Philip II. He was tutored by Aristotle. Alexander first conquered the Greek states and then, as head of the Greek army, continued east in 334 BC to conquer the rest of the world in 8 short years. The battles of Alexander included:

• He started at home by putting down uprisings in Thrace and Illyria, and sacking Thebes - gaining power over all of Greece.
• He defeated the Persians at the battles of Granicus (334) and Issus (333 BC).
• Tyre and Gaza fell in a year
• He defeated Egypt (332 BC), and founded the city of Alexandria.
• In Mesopotamia, he overthrew the Persian Empire of Darius III at the battle of Arbela (or Gaugamela) (331 BC).
• He defeated the rest of eastern Persia (330-327 BC).
• He invaded northern India (326 BC) but there his forces would go no further and the great conquest ended.

No Heirs. Alexander the Great conquered Babylon in October 331 BC and died on 11 June 323 BC of a fever at age 33 without a legitimate heir.
He had a four year old illegitimate son with Barsine, a Persian princess but his wife Roxana was still nine months pregnant. His mother, Olympias, murdered his half brother, Philip, so that her grandson could be king.
Cassander, the general who wanted to rule Greece, executed her and then proceeded to murder all relatives and lovers who might have a claim to the throne. He poisoned Alexander IV and his mother, Roxana.
Peridiccas, the regent named in his will to take care of the empire until the heirs were old enough, was killed by his own men in a failed invasion of Egypt.

Alexander the Great Meets the High Priest
The Talmud relates that when Alexander the Great and his conquering legions advanced upon Jerusalem, they were met by a delegation of elders, led by the High Priest Shimon Ha Tzaddik (Simon the Righteous). When Alexander saw Shimon approaching, he dismounted and prostrated himself before the Jewish Sage. To his astonished men, Alexander explained that each time he went into battle, he would see a vision in the likeness of this High Priest leading the Greek troops to victory. In gratitude, and out of profound respect for the spiritual power of the Jews, Alexander was a kind and generous ruler. He canceled the Jewish taxes during Sabbatical years, and even offered animals to be sacrificed on his behalf in the Temple. Unfortunately, history would prove that Alexander's heirs failed to sustain his benevolence.

A Kingdom Divided
After his death in 323 BC, the empire was divided among his generals - the Diadochi (successors) included Antipater, Perdiccas, Eumenes, Craterus, Antigonus, Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Lysimachus.

These successors struggled for the empire until the battle of Ipsus in 301 BC when Antigonus was defeated by a coalition of four leaders. In 306, Antigonus declared himself king of the Greek empire so the coalition moved against him and the former Greek empire was divided among them:

1. Lysimachus. Turkey (North)
2. Ptolemy. Egypt (South) - Started the dynasty of Greeks as Egyptian kings (305 BC) known as the Ptolemies.
3. Seleucus. Syria to India (East)
4. Cassander. Greece (West)

Finally, 20 years later, Lysimachus was defeated by Seleucus in the battle of Corupedion (281 BC) and gained the largest section of the old Persian empire in the north and east. Therefore the kingdom was finally divided into two:

1. Northern kingdom. Seleucid empire
2. Southern kingdom. Egypt

Although they were divided, the former Greek empire of diverse people were united by the Greek language and Greek civilization.

The Kingdoms of the North and South

Prophetic Footprints The Greek empire was divided in four. Dominant Northern and Southern kingdom. An agreement by marriage between a woman from the south and the northern king. This would fail. Map of the Divided Greek Empire
Rulers of the Greek Empire (Diadochi)
Egypt, Palestine			Syria, Babylon, Persia
King of the South		Year	King of the North	Year
Ptolemy 1 Soter		323-285	Laomedon	319-314
			Antipater, Antigonus	319 301
			Seleucus 1 Nicator	312
Ptolemy II Philadelphus		282-246	Antiochus 1 Soter	280
			Antiochus II Theos	261
Ptolemy III Euergetes		246-222	Seleucus II Callinicus	246
Ptolemy IV Philopator		222	Seleucus III Soter	226
Ptolemy V Epiphanes		205	Antiochus III, the Great	223
Cleopatra 1 Syra		180-178	Seleucus V Philopator	187
Ptolemy VI Philometor		180-146	Antiochus IV Epiphanes	175
Cleopatra II		170	Antiochus V Eupator	164
			Demetrius 1 Soter	162
			Alexander Balas	150
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator		145-144	Antiochus VI	145
			Demetrius II Nicator	146-139 129-125
Ptolemy VIII Physcon		145-116	Trypho	142
Cleopatra III		116-101	Antiochus VII Sidetes	138
Ptolemy IX Soter II (Lathyrus)		116-107 88-80	Antiochus VIII Grypus	125
			Antiochus IX Cyzicenus	116
Ptolemy X Alexander		107-88	Antiochus X Eusebes	94
Ptolemy XI Alexander II		80	Demetrius III Eucerus	92-87
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Auletes		80-58, 55-51	Philip 1 Philadelphus	92-83
			Cleopatra Selene	88-69
Berenice IV		58-55	Tigranes II of Armenia	83-69
Cleopatra VII Thea (51-30BC)	Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator	51-47	Antiochus XIII Asiaticus	88-64
			Philip II Philoromaeus	66-53
	Ptolemy XIV Theos Philopator II	47-44
	Ptolemy XV Caesarion	44-30
	Cleopatra VII	51-30BC
Augustus Caesar		30-14AD	Pompey	63-48
Battle of Actium (31 BC). Augustus Caesar defeats Cleopatra and Mark Anthony			Pompey (63 BC). Conquered Judaea and Syria
Titles. Soter = Savior. Theos = God. Epiphanes = Manifest or illustrious. Nicator = Conquerer. Callinicus = Victorious. Ceraunus = Thunderbolt.

The strongest kingdoms were Egypt in the South, ruled by Ptolemy I Soter and Syria, in the North, ruled by Seleucus I Nicator. In 316, Seleucus I Nicator was driven from Babylonia by Antigonus. He then placed himself under the leadership of Ptolemy and together they defeated Demetrius (son of Antigonus) in 312 BC. The Seleucid empire grew to be bigger and stronger than the Egyptian. By 280 it extended from Greece to India. Here is some history related to prophecy.

• Laodice: A woman scorned. 35 years after the death of Seleucus I, a crisis developed. To make peace between the two kingdoms, Antiochus II Theos (261-246 BC) grandson of Seleucus I married Berenice daughter of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. He disposed of his former wife (and sister) Laodice and barred her children from succession to the throne.
• Laodice takes action. Antiochus II died suddenly. He was poisoned by Laodice. She also killed Berenice and her son by Antiochus. Many of Berenice's ladies in waiting also died. Then Seleucus II Callinicus (246-226 BC), son of Antiochus II and Laodice became the king.
• Egypt: A Brother's Revenge. Ptolemy III Euergetes, son of Ptolemy II and brother of Berenice, succeed his father in 246 BC. He invaded Syria in revenge for this sister's murder. He was victorious against Seleucus II. He reached as far as Mesopotamia and maybe as far as Bactria. He also retrieved sacred images taken from Egypt by the Persians and restored them to the Egyptian temples. He brought back great wealth from Syria. He also took Southern Syria and Palestine.
  
  After Ptolemy III returned to Egypt, Seleucus went against the country to retrieve his riches and his prestige, but he returned to Syria defeated and empty handed in 240 BC.
• A Failed Counter Attack. The two sons of Seleucus II, Seleucus III and then Antiochus III the great (219) rallied a campaign to take back Palestine and Southern Syria from Ptolemy IV Philopator (222-204 BC). Ptolemy IV met Antiochus III near the Palestine and Egyptian border. In the Battle of Raphia (217 BC). Antiochus was defeated. So he turned his energies into recovering the eastern territories as far as India.
• A Second Counter Attack. 16 years passed (217-201 BC) before Antiochus launched a more successful second attack in the south. The fenced cities of Gaza and Sidon fell in 201 BC.
• Antiochus IV Epiphanes. He ruled from 175-164 BC. He caused a crisis among the Jews in his policy to Hellenize them by forcing them to abandon their religion and culture for the Greek language, culture and religion.
  
  » The Hellenization of Palestine (250 BC). Alexander began to unify his empire. The Greeks began a campaign of pushing their culture on to the conquered lands. The strategy was to affect the common culture, education and then to force religious changes on those who had not been compromized by the cultural changes.
  • Library of Alexandria (300 BC). Ptolemy 1 built the Great Library of Alexandria to house the knowledge of all the world.
  • Koine Greek. This version of Greek became the common language.
  • Septuagint (LXX) (270 BC). 70 or 72 Jewish scholars went to Alexandria to translate the 39 old testament books of the Hebrew bible to Greek.
  • Education and Culture. A high priority was placed on competitive sports, stadium and the olympics. The Greeks were often naked for these events. Soon it was an embarassment to be a circumcized Jewish male and cosmetic surgery was done to reverse the procedure.
  • Priest. The high priest was no longer a descendant of Aaron. The office was sold and distributed by the Pagan rulers and corrupt Jews by murder and bribery.
  • King. The monarchy would fall into the hands of another tribe and another nation.
  • Death. Capital punishment for circumcision and Sabbath keeping.
  • Idolatry. Pagan festival to Dionysius was forced on Jews. This might have been an attempt to replace Passover with a spring Pagan festival.
  
  » The Maccabean Revolt. The Greeks (the Seleucid dynasty) tried to impose Greek culture and universal religion on the conquered lands. The Hellenistic Jews requested the help of the Seleucid empire. They wanted to force their new Greek beliefs and practices on the pious Jews. Antiochus marched on Jerusalem in 169 BC.
  
  » Abomination in the Temple. The temple in Jerusalem was dedicated to Zeus. Antiochus stripped the sanctuary of all its treasures, killed thousands, plundered Jerusalem, exiled many as slaves. The Jews were forced to erect pagan altars, to offer swine's flesh on the altars, sprinkled swine's blood in the sanctuary, and ordered Jews to surrender every copy of their scriptures to be burned. Antiochus offered swines's flesh on the temple altar and suspended all Jewish sacrifices. Eventually the Macabbeans joined forces with the Hasidim and revolted and drove him out of Judea and returned to their religion.
  
  » Signs in the Sky. In 169 BC signs or visions appeared.
  And it happened that over all the city, for almost forty days, there appeared golden-clad horsemen charging through the air, in companies fully armed with lances and drawn swords -- troops of horsemen drawn up, attacks and counterattacks made on this side and on that, brandishing of shields, massing of spears, hurling of missiles, the flash of golden trappings, and armor of all sorts. Therefore all men prayed that the apparition might prove to have been a good omen. (2 Maccabees 5: 2-4)
  
  In 167 BC, a priest named Matthias and his sons (John, Simon, Judas, Eleazer, and Jonathan) revolted against this attack on their religion. and became known as the Maccabeans which means hammer in the Jewish language.
  The priest Matthias killed the officers of the king and the Jews who compromised with the requests of the Seleucids to defile the temple and the altar. He fled to the hills shouting "Let everyone who is zealous for the Law and who stands by the covenant follow me!" (I Maccabees 2:27). They organized into a military group and raided towns, killing all who participated in this false worship. At his death in 166 BC his son Judas led the rebel forces. He finally liberated Jerusalem on December 25, 165 BC (the first hannukah). Judas died in 160 BC.
  

  The Hasmonean Dynasty
  Jerusalem Occupied (164 BC)
  Judas Maccabee	Founder	164-161
  Jonathan	Brother	161-143
  Jerusalem Liberated from Seleucids
  Simon	Brother	143-134
  John Hyrcanus 1	Son	134-104
  Aristobulus 1	Son	104-103
  Alexander Jannaeus	Brother	103-76
  Salome Alexandra	Wife	76-69
  Aristobulus 2	Son	69-63
  Pompey Captures Jerusalem		63 BC
  Hyrcanus 2	Brother	63-40
  Antigonus	Nephew	40-37
  The House of Herod (67 BC-100 AD)
  Herod Antipater	Idumean	55-43BC
  Herod 1 The Great	Son	37-4BC
  Birth of Christ		4 BC
  Herod Archelaus	Son	4BC-6AD
  Herod 2 Antipas	Brother	4BC-39AD
  Crucifixion		31 AD
  Herod Agrippa 1	Nephew	39-44
  Herod Agrippa 2	Son	50-100
  Temple Destroyed		70 AD

  
  » The Hasmoneans. The Maccabeans later formed the Hasmonean dynasty and became kings and priests despite the fact that they were not of the proper line to hold these offices. The group who participated in the revolt became the Pharisees afterwards. As a result of the success of this revolt, the Jews were able to live under their own civil laws.
  • Judas Maccabee (164-161 BC). He liberated Jerusalem, purified and rededicated the temple and established the festival of Hanukkah to celebrate the miracle of the one day supply of sacred oil lasting for eight days when the temple was dedicated. He was killed in battle against the son of Antiochus Epiphanes.
  • Jonathan (161-143). He usurped the priesthood in 152 BC, making himself a king and high priest.
  • John Hyrcanus (135-105 BC). After the death of Antiochus in 130 BC, Johanan Hyrcanus, son of Simon and nephew of Judah Maccabee, went to the Judean cities under Syrian rule. He annexed Idumea (descendants of the Edomites), Samaria and Perea and demolished he Samaritan temple on Mount Gerizim. He circumcised the people and made them obey Jewish laws. The Saducees, Pharisees and Essenes were formed in this period. He made himself both king and high priest.
  • Judas Aristobulus. After his death in 105 BC, he was succeeded by his son Aristobulus who immediately killed or imprisoned his family. He made himself the first king since the Jews were freed from Babylonian captivity and returned to their homeland after 481 years and 3 months. He fought the Ituraeans and annexed the territory of Galilee, placing the people under Jewish rule.
  • Jonathan (Alexander Janneus) (104-78). A brother of Judas who took control of Judea and expanded the borders and caused civil war to break out between the Pharisees and Saducees. The office of priest and king were combined in this family.
  • Salome (Alexandra). After his death his wife became ruler and their sons Hyrcanus became high priest and Aristobulus was supposed to be the next ruler. Civil war erupted.
    Antigonus and Alexander, sons of Aristobolus, opposed Pompey and Alexander and Aristobolus were put to death. This left Antigonus and his uncle Hyrcanus as rivals for power.
  • Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II. By the time Pompey invaded, these two rivals were fighting over Israel. Pompey made Hyrcanus a high priest in 63 BC. and Aristobulus bit off his ears so that his body would be imperfect, making him ineligible as priest. Antipater, a supporter of Julius Caesar and the Idumean advisor to Hyrcanus, became the puppet of Rome. He eventually captured Jerusalem in 37 BC and defeated Antigonus who was beheaded in Rome.
• An Agreement with Rome. In 161 BC (160 BCE) the Jews made an agreement with Rome to break the control of the Greek empire. After the persecution of Antiochus Epiphanes, Juda Maccabee sent Eupolemius, son of Johanan ben Hazzoz and Jason ben Eleazar to establish friendship and a treaty with Rome. This alliance lasted until 66 AD. when the Romans invaded Palestine and expelled the Greeks from that area. Israel enjoyed independence until 63 BC when Pompey invaded Judea and the Romans took over. Pompey destroyed the walls of Jerusalem and made Hyrcanus the high priest.

  For the Roman and the Jewish people: May things be well on sea and land forever! May sword and enmity keep far from them!
  But if war is made on Rome first, or on any of its allies and their domains, the Jewish nation will be their wholehearted allies as the occasion requires ...
  In the same way, if war is made on the Jewish people first, the Romans shall be their active allies as the occasion requires ..."
  Septuagint, 1 Maccabees 8:1-27

Rulers of Egypt
King	Year	Dynasty
Early Dynastic	3050-2686	1-2
Old Kingdom	2650-2184	3-6
First Intermediate	2150-2060	7-10
Middle Kingdom	2055-1759	11-12
Amenemhet 1	1991-1962	12th (Hebrew Slaves)
Senusret 1 (Senwosret 1)	1956-1911
Amenemhet II	1911-1877
Senusret II	1877-1870
Senusret III	1836-1817
Amenemhet III	1817-1772
Amenemhet IV	1772-1763
Sobekneferu	1763-1759
Second Intermediate	1783-1539	13-17 (Hyksos)
New Kingdom	1539-1069	18-20
Ahmose	1539-1514	18th (Exodus)
Amenhotep I	1514-1493
Thutmose I	1493-1481
Thutmose II	1491-1479
Hatshepsut	1473-1458
Thutmose III	1504-1450
Amenhotep II	1427-1392
Thutmose IV	1419-1386
Amenhotep III	1382-1344
Amenhotep IV	1350-1334
Smenkhkare	1336-1334
Tutankhamun	1334-1325
Ay	1325-1321
Horemheb	1323-1295
Ramesses I	1295-1294	19th (1295-1187)
Seti I	1394-1279
Ramesses II	1279-1213
Merenptah	1213-1203
Third Intermediate	1070-715	21-24
Shoshenq I (Shishak)	945-924	22nd
Osorkon I	924-909
Takelot	909--?
Shoshenq II	?--883
Osorkon II	883-855
Takelot II	860-835
Shoshenq III	835-783
Pami	783-773
Shoshenq IV	773-735
Osorkon IV	735-712
Pedubaste I	828-803	23rd
Osorkon IV	777-749
Peftjauwybast	740-725
Shepsesre Tefnakht I	725-720	24th
Wahkare Bakenranef	720-715
Late Kingdom	715-343	25-30
Piye	747-716	25th Late Kingdom
Shebaka	712-698
Shebitku	698-690
Taharqa (Tirhakah)	690-664
Tantamani	664-657
Psammetichus I (Psam-tik)	664-610	26th
Nekau (Necho) II	610-595
Psammetichus II	595-589
Apries	589-570
Amasis	570-526
Psammetichus III	526-525
Cambyses II	538-522	27th (Persians)
Darius I	521-486
Xerxes I	486-466
Artaxerxes I	465-424
Darius II	424-404
Amyrtaios	404-399	28th
Nepherites I	399-393	29th
Psammuthis	393
Hakoris	393-380
Nepherites II	380
Nectanebo I	380-362	30th
Teos	365-360
Nectanebo II	360-343
The 30th Dynasty was the last of the Egyptian born Pharaohs. These kings affected Israel.
Second Persian	343-332	31
Macedonian	332-323	Greco Roman Period (332 BC-395 AD)
Ptolemaic Dynasty	323-30
Roman Emperors	30 BC - 324 AD
Byzantine Christian	306-634
Abbasid ... Fatimid ... Ayubbide Mamlukes	634-1516	Islamic Period (750-1517)
Ottoman Rulers	1517-1796
Napoleon Invaded
Map of the Egyptian Empire

Prophecy of the Future of Greece
Greece would exist until the end of time, but it would not be a significant empire anymore.

See Map of the Greek Empire.
See Map of four divisions of Greece after the death of Alexander

Prophecy of Egypt's Future
The former empire of Egypt was now the southern Greek empire. Egypt was the first great super power mentioned by the Bible. They enslaved Israel for 430 years after which God made an example of them by staging the most spectacular rescue of a people under the leadership of Moses during the exodus.
Thus says the Lord God: at the end of forty years will I gather the Egyptians from the peoples whither they were scattered . . . and will cause them to return to the land of Pathros [in upper Egypt, the original seat of Egyptian power], into the land of their birth; and they shall be there a base kingdom (RSV, a lowly kingdom). It shall be the basest of the kingdoms; neither shall it exalt itself any more above the nations: and I will diminish them, that they shall no more rule over the nations . . . Thus says the Lord God: I will also destroy the idols and will cause the images to cease out of Noph (Memphis); and there shall be no more a prince of the land of Egypt ... (Ezekiel 29:13-15; 30:13).

Egypt as a kingdom was not to be destroyed. It was to survive, but with greatly reduced power - "a lowly kingdom", never presuming to exert power over the surrounding nations any more. It would also cease to have a monarchy. This probably was fulfilled when the Egyptians were removed from the throne and replaced by the Greeks with the Ptolemaic dynasty. Their dynasty would fall in the battle of Actium in 31 BC. It has remained a lowly kingdom for over 2500 years. It will never regain its former glory.

1. Attacked by the Babylonians
2. Attacked by the Medes and Persians
3. Attacked by the Greeks and its Egyptian kings were replaced with Greek kings (the Dynasty of Ptolemy). Now, there is no Egyptian monarchy from any dynasty.
4. Attacked by the Romans in the battle of Actium in 31 BC and has essentially lost its former glory ever since.
5. Napoleon invaded Egypt and took the treasures of Egypt to France.
6. British rule in the 19th century
7. Currently independent but is an impoverished nation.

Rome - Pagan
In 197 BC when Carthage was no longer a rival, Rome defeated Macedonia and set up the Greek states under her own protection. Rome was dominant in the West and she was now pointing towards the nations of the east and the old Greek empire.

• North. In 190 BC, Antiochus III was defeated and the Seleucid territory as far east as the Taurus Mountains was theirs.
• West. In 168 BC, Macedonia was defeated and their kings removed in the battle of Pydna. He forbid the invasion of Egypt by Antiochhus IV, exhibiting its strong influence.
• East. By 63 BC, the kings of the Seleucid empire in Syria were removed.
• South. By 30 BC, the Egyptian kings were removed.

Conquering the three remaining divisions of the old Greek empire was a process. By 168 BC, only one was conquered but the other two could not make a move. By 30 BC, all three were formally conquered.

Rome was cruel. Sometimes whole cities were destroyed. Corinth was destroyed in 146 BC. People who were not destroyed or subjugated were used as slaves or sold into slavery.
Some of the Roman territory was obtained peacefully by inheritance. In 74 BC Nicomedes III gave his entire kingdom of Bithynia to Rome on his deathbed. King Attalus III left his kingdom of Pergamum to the Roman Empire in his will (133 BC) and it became the province of Asia in 129 BC.

In 63 BC, Pompey invaded Judea to settle a dispute between Hyrcanus and Aristobulus were were rival heirs to the throne of Judea. 12,000 Jews were killed in the process, the Holy of Holies was desecrated and the Jews had to pay taxes to the Romans.

The Caesars.

• Gaius Julius Caesar (100BC to 15 March 44 BC). Dictator of the Roman republic. Assassinated in Rome on the Ides of March by his closest friend Marcus Brutus on the orders of the senate. When Ptolemy XI Auletes died in 51 BC, he placed his two children Cleopatra and Ptolemy XII under the guardianship of Rome. Three years later, Cleopatra became the mistress of Julius Caesar who had invaded Egypt.
• Cleopatra and Mark Anthony. The daughter of Ptolemy XI who was married to her younger brother Ptolemy XII. She revolted against him with the aid of Julius Caesar and obtained the kingdom. After Ptolemy XII died she married another brother Ptolemy XIII but remained the mistress of Caesar. She later had a son by Julius Caesar named Caesarion (who would become Ptolemy XIV).
  
  After Caesar was assassinated, she went back to Egypt and turned to Mark Anthony the rival of Caesar's heir Octavian (Augustus Caesar). Mark Anthony was married to Octavia (the sister of Augustus) when he abandoned her for Cleopatra. They were married in 36 BC. Together they combined forces against Augustus but were defeated in the Battle of Actium (31 BC) when Cleopatra withdrew with her 60 ships. Anthony was forced to flee with her and he committed suicide the following year. Cleopatra also committed suicide when she could not charm Augustus. With the death of Cleopatra, the dynasty of the Ptolemys ended and Egypt became a province of Rome.
  » The Triumvirate (Marc Anthony, Lepidus, Octavian). They ruled (44-31 BC). Civil war between Marc Anthony and Octavian occurred in this time.

  Prophetic Footprints Brutal kingdom Messiah born during its reign Divided into ten Gives power to a religious power Map of the Roman Empire
  Roman Conquest of Greece
  Year	Territory	Conqueror
  212 BC	Syracuse	Claudius Marcellus
  168 BC	Macedonia	Aemilius Paulus
  168 BC	Epirus	Anicius Gallus
  133 BC	Pergamon	Attalus III wills the kingdom to Rome
  86 BC	Athens	Sulla
  63 BC	Syria	Pompey
  30 BC	Egypt	Octavian
  Rulers of Rome (Caesars) King Year Dynasty Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus 60-48 First Triumvir Julius Caesar 47-44 Dictator Octavian (Augustus), Marc Anthony, Lepidus 43-27 Second Triumvir Augustus (Octavian) 27 BC-14 Julio-Caludian Birth of Christ 4 BC Tiberius 14 AD Crucifixion 31 AD Caligula (Gaius) 37 Claudius 41 Nero 54 Galba 69 Year of 4 Emperors Otho 69 Vitellius 69 Vespasian 69 Temple Burnt 70 AD Titus 79 Flavian Domitian 81-96 Nerva 96-98 ? Trajan 98-117 Hadrian 117-138
  Roman Persecutions (67-313 AD)
  # Year Emperor 1 67 Nero 2 81 Domitian 3 108 Trajan 4 162 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus 5 192 Severus 6 235 Maximus 7 249 Decius 8 257 Valerian 9 274 Aurelian 10 303-313 Diocletian

• Augustus Caesar - A Raiser of Taxes. (Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus). The first emperor, He reigned from 23 September 63 BC to 19 August 14 AD. Grandnephew of Julius Caesar and the brother-in-law of Marc Anthony, born Caius Octavius (Octavian), he was made heir without his knowledge. Augustus was a title of honor granted in 27 BC by the senate.
  » Pax Romana ("Peace of Rome"). After the naval victory at Actium in 31 BC he controlled all of the Roman territories. His rule began a long period of 200 years of Roman peace called the "Pax Romana" when roads, a postal service, and police force were established. He enacted many reforms in Rome and in the provinces, he built Roman Roads and beautified Rome. He raised taxes throughout all the provinces to pay for these civil works projects. He was succeeded by his stepson Tiberius when he died peacefully in 14 AD.
  » Co-Emperors. He became ill with uncontrollable diaharrea and died in his bed. In the year before his death he made Tiberius co-emperor with him.
  » An Heir. He had only one daughter, Julia, by his first wife. She had three sons. Gaius and Lucius, the two oldest died and a third (Agrippa Postumus) was exiled because of his violence and was executed by Tiberius. In 4AD, he reluctantly adopted his 44 year old stepson Tiberius and made him the heir. Tiberius was the son of his third wife, Livia. Because His death might trigger civil war again, He made Tiberius his coemperor in 13 AD to signify his choice for a successor since he had no blood heirs and this action set a precedent.
• Tiberius Caesar (13/14 AD - 37 AD) He ruled from 13/14 AD to 16 March 37 AD including a one year co-reign with Augustus. He was smothered to death with a pillow while dying from a terminal illness. In 14 AD, he succeeded Augustus peacefully as emperor and continued his policies. It is believed that his mother poisoned Augustus Caesar so that he would get the throne. It was also thought that he had an affair with his mother and later had her murdered.
  He led many successful campaigns in Germany and the East near Armenia and Parthia. He was not loved, possibly because he was a pedophile. He broke the legs of the young children who resisted him. At his death, it is said that his head was cut off and thrown into the Tiber river.
  
  During his reign and under the order of his procurator of Judea (Pontius Pilate) Jesus Christ was crucified.
• Caligula (Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus). Reigned 37 to 24 January 41 AD. He was assassinated.
• Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus). Reigned from 41 to 13 October 54 AD. He died by poisoned mushrooms given by his wife who was Nero's mother. She had convinced him to name her son from a previous marriage as the heir, instead of his own son.
• Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. Reigned 54 to 9 June 68 AD. He set Rome on fire in 64 AD. and blamed it on the Christians and confiscated one third of the burned out city as his own property. He martyred many Christians including Peter and Paul. The senate declared him an enemy of the state and pursued him to kill him. But he cut his own throat and committed suicide. His last words were, "What an artist dies in me". A power struggle erupted among the generals because there was no heir.
• Vespasian. There were four emperors in 69 AD. (Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian who reigned 69-79 AD) He was responsible for the destruction of Jerusalem and the temple in 70 AD. Completed in 80 AD, in eight years, he built the Flavian ampitheatre (Coliseum) after draining the private, man-made lake built by Nero and financed with the treasures taken from the burned out Jewish temple and with the labor of Jewish slaves.

Roman Governors and Other Rulers.

• Gabinius (58 BC). Roman governor of Syria. He divided the Jewish people into five parts, establishing five councils (Sanhedrin) in Jerusalem, Gadara, Hammath, Jericho and Sepphoris.
• Governor Quintilius Varus (7 - 4 BC). He was an incompetent governor of Syria from about 7 to 4 BC.
• Governor Quirinius He was probably governor of Syria on two separate occasions. Once during the military action against the Homonadensians between 12 and 2 BC, and about 6-7 AD.
  The Romans conducted a census every 14 years and they took several years to complete.
• Pontius Pilate (26 - 36 AD). Procurator of Judea. Pilate butchered a group of Samaritans in a village named Tirathana, near Mount Gerizim. He was relieved of his position by the Syrian legate Vitellius for excessive cruelty and he committed suicide in Italy (Gaul) a year later. Vitellius also removed Caiaphas from office at the same time.
• Sanhedrin. The Great Sanhedrin was an assembly of 71 elders who served as the supreme court of Israel. Lesser Sanhedrins of 23 members convened in other places. This council may have begun when Moses assembled seventy elders who met with him (Numbers 11: 16). It may also have been established by Ezra to preserve the house of David under foreign occupation.
  » Nasi (191 BC). The high priest was head of this council until 191 BC when the council lost confidence in the high priest. The office of Nasi was created and was mostly headed by descendants of Hillel the Elder who was in office around 4 BC when Christ was born. The creation of the office was probably an attempt to preserve the true lineage of the high priest. It was during this period that the office of high priest was determined by political considerations and Greek interferance, not according to the Torah. The Jews maintained some autonomy in this period. They were ruled in their religious life by the high priests, appointed by the Roman governors, and in their civil life by the Sanhedrin under the Nasi.
  The Sanhedrin was abolished in 415 AD by the Byzantine rulers. They operated in secret after this. The remnants of the house of David continued to survive under the leadership of a group called the Geon Yaacov until about 1165.
  » The Hall of Hewn Stones. According to the Talmud the Sanhedrin met in this building in the north wall of the temple mount, located half inside the sanctuary and half outside with doors giving access.

One third of the Roman citizens were slaves.

The Kings and Priests of Israel During the Time of Jesus Christ
Born in Bethlehem, Judea about 4 BC while the Jews were under Roman occupation. He was born around the time Augustus Ceasar issued taxes and baptized in the 15th year of Tiberius Caesar 29 AD. These are the rulers of Palestine at the time of Christ.

Julius Caesar			27 BC	Augustus Caesar			13 AD	Augustus and Tiberius	14 AD	Tiberius Caesar			37 AD	Caligula	41 AD	Claudius
Antipater	37 BC	Herod the Great			1 BC	Herod Antipas					39 AD	Herod Agrippa 1			44 AD	Herod Agrippa 2
4 BC 30 Years 27 AD 3.5 Years 31 AD Birth 33 Years (Jesus Christ) Death											The Disciples Ministered
6 AD Annas --- 18 AD Caiaphas 36 AD												The High Priests

Herod.

Roman Emperors	The House of Herod
	Judea		Idumea	Galilee
Julius Caesar (47-44)	Herod Antipater II (67-43 BC)
	Phasael (47-40)
Augustus (Octavian) (27BC - 14AD)		Herod 1 the Great (39-4 BC)
		Herod Archelaus (4 BC-6AD)	Herod Philip (4 BC-37 AD)	Herod 2 Antipas (4 BC-39 AD)
		Coponius (6-9)
		Ambivulus (9-12)
		Annius Rufus (12-15)
Tiberius (14-37AD)		Valerius Gratus (15-26)
		Pontius Pilate (26-36)
Caligula (37-41)	Marcellus (Marulus) (37)
	Herennius Capito (37-41)
	Herod Agrippa 1 (37-44)
Claudius (41-54)	Cuspius Fadus (44-46)
	Tiberius Alexander (46-48)
	Ventidius Cumanus (48-52)
Nero (54-68)	Antonius Felix (52-60)			Herod Agrippa II (50?-100)
	Porcius Festus (60-62)
	Clodius Albinus (62-64)
	Gessius Florus (64-66)
Vespasian (69-79)	Temple Falls (70 AD) First Jewish Revolt (66-73)
Titus (79-81)	Mount Vesuvius Eruption (24 August 79)
Hadrian (117-138)	Bar Kochba Jewish Revolt (132-135) Jews Exiled From Jerusalem (136 AD)
Roman Procurators: Procurators of Judaea (6-41). Procurators of Palestine (44-66)

The Herods were the non-Jewish ruling dynasty that descended from the Esau. After the Roman occupation of Palestine in 63BC, they ruled at the pleasure of Rome.

• Antipater. Ruled (55BC - 43BC). Edomite ruler of Palestine under Julius Caesar. His empire went to his four sons at his death.
• Herod the Great. Ruled (37BC to 1BC). He died during the spring between 4BC and 1BC at the time of a lunar eclipse. There are three possible lunar eclipses during that period. March 23, 5BC. March 13, 4BC and January 10, 1BC. He was an Idumean or Edomite (descendant of Esau) who inherited Galilee from his father. Appointed tetrarch of Judea by Marc Anthony and king of Judea by the senate. He remodeled the temple between 37 and 4 BC and persecuted the child Christ. He was a Jewish convert, not Jewish by blood so he was not a descendant of David or a legitimate king. He was married ten times and had three sons Archelaus, Herod Antipas, and Philip.
  • Archelaus (4 BC-6AD). Ruled Judea, Samaria and Idumaea for 10 years until the Romans removed him.
  • Antipas. Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea from 4 BC to 39 AD. He was the one who tried Jesus and had John the Baptist beheaded. He was deposed and banished.
    » Herodias. She was a cousin who married and divorced an uncle living in Rome, then married Philip, and then divorced Philip to marry Antipas.
  • Philip. Tetrarch of Iturea, Trachonitis, Gaulanitis, Batanea and Auranitis from 4 BC to 34 AD.
  The historian Josephus states that Herod the Great ruled just over 34 years after he captured Jerusalem in September and for 37 years after the Romans made him king. He died in the winter after a lunar eclipse, after Yom Kippur and before Passover. According to Josephus:

  Reign of Herod. At this time it was that the fight happened at Actium, between Octavius Caesar and Anthony in the seventh year of the reign of Herod; and then it was also that there was an earthquake in Judea, such a one as had not happened at any other time ... Page 320, Book XV, Chapter V, Section 2.

  The battle of Actium was September 2, 31 BC, so Herod's first year must have been 37 BC.

  Kings of Judah and Israel
  Year	Judah	Year	Israel
  1098	Saul (32)
  1066	David (40)
  1026	Solomon (40)
  985	Rehoboam (17)	985	Jeroboam (22)
  967	Abijam (Abijah) (3)	967
  964	Asa (41)	962	Nadab (2)
  961		961	Baasha (24)
  939		939	Elah (2)
  938		938	Zimri (7 days)
  938		938	Omri (6) (Tibni/Omri)
  926		926	Ahab (22)
  922	Jehoshaphat (25)	905	Ahaziah (2)
  896	Jehoram (Joram) (8)	902	Jehoram (12)
  888	Ahaziah (1)	890	Jehu (28)
  887	Athaliah (6)	862	Jehoahaz (17)
  881	Joash (Jehoash) (40)	845	Jehoash (16)
  840	Amaziah (29)	829	Jeroboam (41)
  811	Uzziah (Azariah) (52)	-
  758	Jotham (16)	773 773 772 762	Zachariah (6 month) Shallum (1 month) Menahem (10) Pekahiah (2)
  742	Ahaz (16)	759	Pekah (20)
  727	Hezekiah (29)	739	Hoshea (9)
  697	Manasseh (55)	722	Shalmaneser V (Assyrian Captivity) Exiled Israel
  642	Amon (2)	-
  640	Josiah (31)	Egyptian (Pharaoh Neco) Ruled Judah
  609	Jehoahaz (Shallum) (3 months)
  608	Jehoiakin (Eliakim) (11)	Nebuchadnezzar (Babylonian Captivity) Exiled Judah
  597	Jehoiachin (3 months)
  597	Zedekiah (Mattaniah) (11)

  Death of Herod. ... When he had done those things, he died, the fifth day after he had caused Antipater to be slain; having reigned, since he procured Antigonus to be slain, thirty-four years; but since he had been declared king by the Romans, thirty-seven. Book XVII, Chapter VIII, Section 1.

• Herod Agrippa 1 . Called Herod. King of Iturea (37-44AD). King of Judea, Galilee and Perea (41-44). Grandson of Herod the Great, son of Archelaus. Persecuted the church. Acts 12: 23 said he was eaten by worms after he claimed to be divine. Josephus says the following:

  "did neither rebuke them, nor reject their impious flattery. A severe pain arose in his belly, and began in a most violent manner. And when he was quite worn out by the pain in his belly for five days, he departed this life in the fifty-fourth year of his age, and seventh of his reign."

  On an appointed day Herod, having put on his royal apparel, took his seat on the rostrum and began delivering an address to them. The people kept crying out "the voice of a god and not of a man!" And immediately an angel of the Lord struck him because he did not give God the glory, and he was eaten by worms and died. (Acts 12: 21-23)
• Herod Agrippa 2. Ruled (50-100AD). Called Agrippa. Tetrarch of Philippi and Lysanias (Abilene). He is the Herod of Acts 25-26.

The High Priests
High priests were appointed for life by law as the scriptures suggest (Numbers 35: 25, 28). However, in this corrupt era the office of high priest was bought and sold and the priest could easily be deposed by the Roman leaders. Therefore, several men who had served as high priests could coexist as Luke reported (Luke 3: 2). Therefore, at the time of the crucifixion the gospel described two men as high priests, Annas and his son-in-law Caiaphas (John 18: 13). Annas was a Saducee who had five sons, a son-in-law and a grandson as high priest. Josephus comments in the (Jewish Antiquities XX, 9.1):

Nasi	The High Priests		Year
?	Ananelus Appointed by Herod the Great		37-36
	Aristobulus III		36
	Joshua ben Fabus		30-23
Hillel the Elder (20 BC-16AD)	Simon ben Boethus		22-5
	Mattathias ben Theophilus		5-4
	Joazar ben Boethus		4 BC
	Eleazar ben Boethus Appointed by Herod Archelaus		4-1 BC
	Joshua ben Sie		3 BC-6AD
	★ Annas (Ananus ben Seth) Appointed by Quirinius, the imperial governor of Syria		6-15
	Ishmael ben Fabus Appointed by Valerius Gratus		15-16
Shimon haNasi	★ Eleazar ben Ananus		16-17
	Simon ben Camithus		17-18
	◈ Joseph Caiaphas		18-36
Gamliel 1	★ Jonathan ben Ananus Appointed by Vitellius		36-37
	★ Theophilus ben Ananus		37-41, 44
	Simon Kantheras ben Boethus Appointed by Herod Agrippa 1		41-43
	★ Matthias ben Ananus		43-44
	Elionaius (Aljoneus) son of Kantheras		43-44
	Josephus ben Camydus (Kami) Appointed by Herod of Chalcis		44-46
	Ananias ben Nebedeus		46-52
	Ishmael ben Fabus (Phiabi) Appointed by Herod Agrippa II		56-62
	Joseph Cabi ben Simon		62-63
	★ Ananus ben Ananus		63
	Joshua ben Damneus		63
	Joshua ben Gamaliel		63-64
	☆ Mattathias ben Theophilus		65-66
Shimon ben Gamliel	Phinnias, son of Samuel Appointed by The People		67-70
	Temple Destroyed	70 AD
Relatives of Annas. ("ben" means "son of") ★ Son ☆ Grandson ◈ Son-in-Law
Josephus Flavius (Joseph ben Matthias), the Jewish historian, was born around 37-39 AD. He was the son of Matthias ben Theophilus, the grandson of Annas.

It is said that the elder Ananus was extremely fortunate. For he'd five sons, all of whom, after he himself had previously enjoyed the office for a very long period, became high priests of God - a thing that had never happened to any other of our high priests.

Roman Persecution
The Romans conducted ten formal persecutions against the Christians and Jews, starting with Nero. When half of Rome was burned in a fire in 64 AD, Nero accused the Christians of starting it and began the first Roman persecution.

The Destruction of the Temple
After the death of Nero, the seventeen year old son of Herod Agrippa was considered too young to ascend the throne, so Jerusalem fell under direct Roman rulers. This caused animosity and civil war and eventually a riot which killed 20,000 Jews.

Trouble broke out in Caesarea between the Jews and the Greeks (who tried to insult the Jews). This led to a siege of the Roman garrison Antonia and the assault on Masada.

The trouble intensified when two massacres occurred on the same day. The Jews in Jerusalem killed some Roman soldiers and the Greeks massacred 20,000 Jews in Caesarea. This caused all Jews to resort to retaliation and armed conflict. Many Roman soldiers were killed as they tried to maintain order. Judea was now in rebellion against Rome.

Meanwhile, in Jerusalem and other cities, the country was plagued by civil wars against violent zealots who murdered and openly robbed homes and tried to maintain hostilities. The Romans offered no help because they hated the Jews. A leader of the Zealots, Phanias (Phinnias), managed to remove the high priest and set himself up in that office, increasing the civil war and causing the death of 85,000 people.

Nero died around this time and was succeeded by Vespasian who waited a year hoping that the Jews in Jerusalem would weary themselves with their internal struggles while he subdued rebellion in smaller cities. He then sent Titus to subdue Jerusalem.

Cestius. In 66 AD, before the final siege, Cestius came against the city and withdrew for some unknown reason. Some sources say that he was defeated by the Jews on August 8. Many Christians took that as a sign to flee the city.

Titus. Then the army returned with Titus in 70 AD to besiege the city for 143 days. He would become the next emperor from 79-81. His reign was filled with tragedy and national disasters which caused people to speculate that his reign was cursed because he destroyed the temple in Jerusalem.

The Siege and Fall of Jerusalem. The story continues with a direct account by Josephus in "The War of the Jews".

Signs of Doom. "Thus there was a star resembling a sword, which stood over the city, and a comet, that continued a whole year. Thus also before the Jews' rebellion, and before those commotions which preceded the war, when the people were come in great crowds to the feast of unleavened bread, on the eighth day of the month Xanthicus [Nisan], and at the ninth hour of the night, so great a light shone round the altar and the holy house, that it appeared to be bright day time; which lasted for half an hour. This light seemed to be a good sign to the unskillful, but was so interpreted by the sacred scribes, as to portend those events that followed immediately upon it.
Flavius Josephus, War of the Jews, Book VI, Chapter V, Sn 3

The Fall of Jerusalem. Now, as Titus was on his march he chose out 600 select horsemen, and went to take a view of the city, when suddenly an immense multitude burst forth from the gate over against the monuments of Queen Helena and intercepted him and a few others. He had on neither helmet nor breastplate, yet though many darts were hurled at him, all missed him, as if by some purpose of Providence and, charging through the midst of his foes, he escaped unhurt. Part of the army now advanced to Scopos, within a mile of the city, while another occupied a station at the foot of the Mount of Olives.

Seeing this gathering of the Roman forces, the factions within Jerusalem for the first time felt the necessity for concord, as Eleazar from the summit of the Temple, John from the porticoes of the outer court, and Simon from the heights of Sion watched the Roman camps forming thus so near the walls. Making terms with each other, they agreed to make an attack at the same moment. Their followers, rushing suddenly forth along the valley of Jehoshaphat, fell on the 10th legion, encamped at the foot of the Mount of Olives, and working there unarmed at the entrenchments. The soldiers fell back, many being killed. Witnessing their peril, Titus, with picked troops, fell on the flank of the Jews and drove them into the city with great loss.

The Roman commander now carefully pushed forward his approaches, and the army took up a position all along the northern and the western walls, the footmen being drawn up in seven lines, with the horsemen in three lines behind, and the archers between.

Map of Jerusalem
Map of Ancient Israel	Map of Modern Israel

Jerusalem was fortified by three walls. These were not one within the other, for each defended one of the quarters into which the city was divided. The first, or outermost, encompassed Bezetha, the next protected the citadel of the Antonia and the northern front of the Temple, and the third, or old, and innermost wall was that of Sion. Many towers, 35 feet high and 35 feet broad, each surmounted with lofty chambers and with great tanks for rain water, guarded the whole circuit of the walls, 90 being in the first wall, 14 in the second, and 60 in the third. The whole circuit of the city was about 33 stadia (four miles). From their penthouses of wicker the Romans, with great toil day and night, discharged arrows and stones, which slew many of the citizens.

At three different places the battering rams began their thundering work, and at length a corner tower came down, yet the walls stood firm, for there was no breach. Suddenly the besieged sallied forth and set fire to the engines. Titus came up with his horsemen and slew twelve Jews with his own hands.

The Jews now retreated to the second wall, abandoning the defense of Bezetha, which the Romans entered. Titus instantly ordered the second wall to be attacked, and for five days the conflict raged more fiercely than ever. The Jews were entirely reckless of their own lives, sacrificing themselves readily if they could kill their foes. On the fifth day they retreated from the second wall, and Titus entered that part of the lower city which was within it with 1,000 picked men.

But, being desirous of winning the people, he ordered that no houses should be set on fire and no massacres should be committed. The seditious, however, slew everyone who spoke of peace, and furiously assailed the Romans. Some fought from the walls, others from the houses, and such confusion prevailed that the Romans retired; then the Jews, elated, manned the breach, making a wall of their own bodies.

Thus the fight continued for three days, till Titus a second time entered the wall. He threw down all the northern part and strongly garrisoned the towers of the south. The strong heights of Sion, the citadel of the Antonia, and the fortified temple still held out. Titus, eager to save so magnificent a place, resolved to refrain for a few days from the attack, in order that the minds of the besieged might be affected by their woes, and that the slow results of famine might operate. He reviewed his army in full armor, and they received their pay in view of the city, the battlements being thronged by spectators during this splendid defiling, who looked on in terror and dismay.

Famine and Mass Crucifixions. The famine increased, and the misery of the weaker was aggravated by seeing the stronger obtaining food. All natural affection was extinguished, husbands and wives, parents and children snatching the last morsel from each other. Many wretched men were caught by the Romans prowling in the ravines by night to pick up food and these were scourged, tortured and crucified. This was done to terrify the rest, and it went on till there was not wood enough for crosses.

Sanhedrin Massacred. Terrible crimes were committed in the city. Matthias, the aged high priest who was deposed in 66 AD, was accused of holding communication with the enemy. Three of his sons were killed in his presence, and he was executed in sight of the Romans, together with sixteen other members of the sanhedrin.

Cannibalism. The famine grew so woeful that a woman devoured the body of her own child. At length, after fierce fighting, the Antonia was scaled, and Titus ordered its demolition.

Destruction of the Temple, August 10. Titus now promised that the temple should be spared if the defenders would come forth and fight in any other place, but John and the Zealots refused to surrender it. For several days the outer cloisters and outer court were attacked with rams, but the immense and compact stones resisted the blows. As many soldiers were slain in seeking to storm the cloisters, Titus ordered the gates to be set on fire. Through that night and the next day the flames raged through the cloisters. Then, in order to save the temple itself, he ordered the fire to be quenched.
» Fire in the Temple. On the tenth of August, the same day of the year on which Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the temple built by Solomon, the cry was heard that the temple was on fire. The Jews, with cries of grief and rage, grasped their swords and rushed to take revenge on their enemies or perish in the ruins.

The slaughter was continued while the fire raged. Soon no part was left but a small portion of the outer cloisters, where 6,000 people had taken refuge, led by a false prophet who had there promised that God would deliver His people in His Temple. The soldiers set the building on fire and all perished. Titus next spent eighteen days in preparations for the attack on the upper city, which was then speedily captured. By this time the Romans did not want to show any mercy. It was night that put an end to the carnage. During the whole of this siege of Jerusalem, 1,100,000 were slain, and 97,000 taken as prisoners.

In 71 AD, the Romans cut down every tree and salted the land in Israel to punish the Jews. In 73 AD, 900 Jews were killed at the fortress Masada.

The Bar Kokaba Revolt (132-135)
A second Jewish revolt occurred during the years 132 to 135 AD and was led by Bar Kokaba (Cocheba). He proclaimed himself to be the Messiah and it was quickly affirmed by Rabbi Akida. Christianity was still largely seen as a sect of Judaism at this time. These events would cause a rift between Christianity and its roots.

Jewish Christians had to choose between Christ or Bar Kokaba as the Messiah. If they chose Bar Kokaba they would have to support the revolt. They chose not to support the revolt and were seen as traitors. It caused permanent hostilities between the Jewish and Christian communities.

» Emperor Hadrian. In 135 AD, Hadrian outlawed circumcision and Sabbath keeping. In 136 AD, he ploughed up the city of Jerusalem and rebuilt it and renamed it "Aelia Capitolina" and the land of Israel was renamed Palestine. The Jews were barred from Jerusalem until the fourth century for this revolt. But by the middle of the third century (222-235) Emperor Alexander Severus gave permission to go to the Mount of Olives to mourn the Temple from afar. The Arabs allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem in 636 and in 1187 Saladin invited the Jews to return after he had conquered the crusaders.
Jewish calendar reform occurred during this period and the Jewish year was established.

Rebuilding the Temple
The Bar Kokaba revolt happened because emperor Hadrian supported a plan to rebuild the temple and dedicate it to the Pagan God Jupiter. The Jews revolted.
Emperor Constantine also tried to rebuild between 313-324 it but was unsuccessful. He built Christian churches instead. Finally, in 363 emperor Julian tried to rebuild it. For this project, the Jews had to remove the remaining foundation stones. Now, there were no stones left of the original temple. Only parts of a wall that surrounded the complex remained. This still exists as the wailing wall. After the demolition, and before, the rebuilding could begin a series of natural disasters and unusual events prevented the efforts. An earthquake, followed by many explosions and balls of fire from the ground stopped the project.
Finally, the Muslims built the Dome of the Rock mosque in 691 and the Al-Aksa mosque in 715 on the temple mount. The political tensions prevent the destruction of the mosqe and the rebuilding of the temple.

Europe: The Division and Decline of Pagan Rome

Tribe		Leader	Location and History
1	Visigoths	Alaric	Spain
2	Franks	Clovis	France
	Gained control of the empire for the Papacy
3	Allemani	Leuthari	Germany
4	Anglo-Saxon	Many	England
5	Lombards	Cassiodorus	Italy
6	Suevi	Hermeric	Portugal
7	Burgundians	Gundobad	Switzerland
8	Heruli	Odoacer	Germanic tribe from Sweden. Assimilated
9	Vandals	Gaiseric	German tribe
	Moved to North Africa, controlled western Mediterranean then disappeared in 534 after they were overthrown by the Romans
10	Ostrogoths	Theodoric	German tribe
	Conquered by the Romans
Map of the Divided Roman Empire
Tribe		Origin	Location and History
A	Bastarnae	German	Disappeared by the second century
	Marcomanni	German	Disappeared after the fourth century
	Slavs	Slav	North Carpathian
	From the North Carpathian. Settled in the peninsula
	Costoboci	Slav	Disappeared by 3 AD
	Carpi	Slav	Disappeared by 273
	Bulgars	Turks, Huns	Emerged in seventh century
	Huns	Atilla (Asiatic)	Disappeared by the fifth century
	Roxolani	Iranian	Disappeared by 68 AD
	Sarmatians	Iranian	Defeated by the Goths and Huns in the third and fourth centuries
	Scythians	Iranian	600 BC-300 AD
	The region above the Black Sea
	Cimmerians	Iranian	600-800 BC
	The region above the Black Sea
B	Goths	German	Moved to Italy by 488
	Adopted Christianity in the fourth century. Split into the Visigoths and Ostrogoths and moved to Italy
C	Basques	Unknown	From northern Spain
D	Quadi	German	Disappeared with the Vandals
E	Gepidae	German	Disappeared by 567
	Defeated by the Huns and Avars
	Cumans	Turkish	Appeared around the twelfth century and later assimilated into the population
	Tartars	Turkish	Bulgaria and Romania
	Appeared around the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in the region of Bulgaria and Romania
	Pechenegs	Unknown	Volga and Ural rivers
	Assimilated by the twelfth century
	Avars	Turkish	Ukraine
	Settled in the Ukraine by the sixth century. Defeated by the Franks in 827
F	Alani	Iranian	Western Rome
	Disappeared by the fifth century and settled in the northern Persian region. They had migrated to western Rome by 451
	Berber	Unknown	From North Africa. Not part of the empire.
	Celts (Gauls)	Indo-European	Conquered by 52 BC, assimilated by the native populations
	Celts	Indo-Aryan	Future British empire
	(Celts, Irish, Scots, Picts, Britons, Jutes) Part of the future British empire. Not part of the Roman empire

Rome broke up into ten dominant groups after constant invasion from the Barbarian hordes from the north and east. As a result, Rome had to divide the empire into two halves in an attempt to survive.

Barbarian Invasion of Western Rome
By the end of its dominance, Western Rome was constantly invaded by the Mongol and Germanic tribes (Barbarians). Eventually, the divisions were roughly according to ten nations: Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Vandals, Suevi, Allemanni, Anglo-Saxons, Heruli, Lombards and Burgundians.

• Vandal Invasion from the Sea. The Vandals were a Germanic tribe of Jutland (now in Denmark) who migrated to the valley of the Oder river in the fifth century. Their most famous leader, Gaiseric, was the crippled son of a slave. They invaded Spain (411), North Africa (429) and Rome. After conquering North Africa, he went on to a career of piracy on the Mediterranean sea for 35 years.
  » The Burning of Rome (455 AD) He built a great fleet which eventually invaded and burned Rome to the ground in two weeks during the year 455 AD. Gaiseric was met by Pope Leo on June 2, 455. In this meeting he was asked not to murder or destroy by fire, but to be satisfied with pillaging. (Catholic Encyclopedia)
• Visigoth Invasion (396-410). Rome was sacked by Alaric, the leader of the Visigoths, in 410. He made two notable invasions. The first was the invasion of the eastern empire - Thrace, Macedonia, Attica and Peloponesus. In the second, he attacked the western empire and Rome fell in 410.
  
  » The Burning of Rome (468 AD) Alaric was also known for conquering the African portion of the Roman empire in 428-468.
  After the death of Constantine, the empire was divided among his three sons:
  1. Constantinus - Constantinople and the eastern empire
  2. Constantine II - Britain, Gaul and Spain
  3. Constans - Illyricum, Africa and Italy
  It was the division controlled by Constans that was attacked by Alaric. In 468 a fleet of 1113 ships with 100,000 men was attacked and burned in one night. While the Romans slept, Alaric rammed the ships with burning logs. The fire spread quickly between the ships that were anchored close together.
• Invasion of the Huns (451-453). In the middle of the 5th century, the Huns terrorized the West. Their leader, Attila, is still remembered as a fearsome warrior and conqueror. He called himself "the scourge of God". The rivers of Gaul and northern Italy were bloodied by the destruction that he caused and by the wars made against him. He ultimately made peace with Pope Leo I, and Rome was spared. The Huns were ultimately defeated and their Empire was dissolved after Attila's sudden death.
• Heruli Invasion of Western Rome. Until the year 476, Rome had managed to resist subjugation. But in that year Odoacer, leader of the Heruli, subdued the former capital of the world.
• Ostrogoth Invasion of Western Rome. Later, the Ostrogoths, led by Theodoric, occupied the Italian peninsula and it became the most prominent among the new kingdoms. He would rule from 403-526. The Emperor Justinian would free the Italian peninsula and establish the Bishop of Rome as the ruler in the west.
• The Slavic Migration (493). A mass migration of the Slavs began as the Germanic (Vandals, Visigoths and Ostrogoths) deserted their land to attack the Romans and nomadic Asian tribes (Huns) pushed them out in 370 AD. The first Slavic mass migration was in the year 493 AD and continued until the seventh century. As the Hun empire fell in 453 AD, there was a rush of Slavic migration to the south towards the Black Sea and the mouth of the river Danube in the outer regions of the Byzantine Empire reaching to the Balkans.

Other Barbarians. There were other tribes who appeared before or after this period. Some were absorbed into the ten dominant tribes while others were destroyed. These are the reasons why these are not considered part of the final ten powers of the western Roman empire.

1. Before Rome. Some tribes disappeared before the division of Rome in 476 AD or were defeated by the Romans or others. (Celts (Gauls), Costoboci, Roxolani, Bastarnae, Carpi, Sarmatians, Marcomanni, Huns, Alani, Slavs, Cimmerians, Scythians)
2. Split. They became part of the empire but split up into multiple tribes. (Goths)
3. Weak Nations. They were located within the borders of the Roman empire but never became powerful enough to be a kingdom. (Basques)
4. Assimilated. They were absorbed by a more dominant tribe and so they lost their identity and any claim to be called a power. (Quadi)
5. After Rome. They appeared or organized themselves long after the papacy was in power, and were not within the borders of the empire. (Avars, Gepidae, Cumans, Tartars, Pechenegs)
6. Outside Rome. Their physical location was not within the borders of the Roman empire and they never conquered any of the empire. (Alani, Berber, Bulgars, Celts)

Rome Removed Political Structure. During this time, Rome decided to abandon Italy and to abolish imperial succession in Rome they also dismantled the rest of the roman political structure:

• Capital. The capital moved from Rome to Constantinople in 329.
• Emperor. Roman emperor replaced by Barbarian Ostrogoth ruler Theodoric in 493.
• Senate. The senate was dissolved after the Ostrogoths were removed from Rome by General Belisarius in 536. He also conquered the Vandals in North Africa and Southern Spain in 534.
• Consul. Justinian removed the Consuls in 541.

While eastern Rome eventually fell under the invading Turks and the religion of Islam, the papacy controlled western Rome.

Prophetic Footprints
Ten Divisions Will be ruled by a small power Attempts to unite by marriage will fail Other attempts to unite will fail Will remain divided Will help to setup the last religious power

The Rise of Papal Rome
Under the old Roman empire, the popes had no powers, but when the empire had disintegrated, the church became independent of the states and dominated religious and secular affairs.

In its rise to power in Rome, several important events happened.

• Constantine (Christian Emperor). The fortunes of the church changed with the conversion of emperor Constantine. Christianity was no longer a persecuted church but was the favored religion of the empire.
• New Capital (330 AD). Constantinople became the capital of the eastern section of the Roman Empire when Constantine moved the capital of the empire from the city of Rome to Constantinople (Istanbul) to take advantage of the trade routes. He essentially divided the empire into an eastern and western section. The emperor remained in the eastern portion with its new capital was eventually called the Byzantine empire.
  The western empire was left to the bishop of Rome. The Pope was given many gifts including the old capital in Rome and became the head of the western empire. He was given great authority and power and the seat of the old Roman empire. But he could not use his power because of the Barbarian tribes occupying or threatening Rome. This threat would be removed in 538 when the siege of Rome ended and the Ostrogoths fled.
• King Clovis: French Champions (496/497). He converted to Christianity in 508. Then the Franks were the first of the invaders to convert to Orthodox/Catholic ("no heretical") Christianity under their leader Clovis in 497.
  
  » Arianism Defeated by King Clovis (508)
  Two forms of Christianity had struggled for supremacy in Europe before 508 AD. The people of Gaul (France) and Germany were united under a Catholic Monarch who recognized the religious authority of Rome in 508 AD. In this fusion of Roman and German civilizations, Catholicism was put in and Arianiam pushed out. A monopoly of religion was imposed on Europe as a result.
  
  The Visigoth army was routed in 507 AD by Clovis.
  By 508, the Franks championed the cause of Catholicism and Clovis defeated the Ostrogoths and vowed to use his power to advance the papacy. In that year he received the title the eldest son of the church.
• Emperor Justinian: Established as Head of Churches by the State (533). Justinian recognized the pope as the head of all holy churches and head the priests of God and later as the corrector of heretics in the East and West.
  » Head by Law (529). Justinian's Imperial Code of Laws officially incorporated his beliefs about the supremacy of the Roman pontiff. Code of Justinian, book 1, title i, stating that the See of Rome is the supreme authority regarding spiritual issues.
• Rivals Eliminated. The state actively promoted the church by law, and by force and eliminated all its rivals.
  » Religious Rivals Suppressed. The government then suppressed all rival beliefs. It closed or took over Pagan schools and banned all non-Christian teachings and symbols and actively stopped all other religions.
  » Religious Political Rivals Eliminated. Three barbarian kingdoms occupying or threatening Rome were a threat to the Pope because of their Aryan beliefs. But it was Justinian and his general Belisarius who finally made the empire safe. They defeated three barbarian tribes threatening Rome.
  • Heruli. The Heruli first occupied Rome by defeating the last emperor of the west Romulus Augustus in 476. Under the leadership of Odovacar (Odoacer) was killed when Theodoric (leader of the Ostrogoths invaded in 489. By 493 Odovacar surrendered and was killed.
  • Vandals. 534 Belisarius was sent by Justinian to defeat the Vandals who were under the leadership of Gaiseric (Genseric). They were hostile to Catholicism and posed a threat to the leadership of the pope.
  • Ostrogoths. 534 Belisarius turned his attention to the Ostrogoths in Rome. December 9, 536 Belisarius and 5,000 troops entered Rome and the Ostrogoths left. They were driven from Rome but returned with 50,000 troops on March 2, 537 to lay siege to the city for a year. In 538, Justinian sent another army and the Ostrogoths abandoned the siege in March of that year due to problems with malaria. When they cut off the water supply to the city, they created a breeding ground for mosquitos and inadvertently engineered their own defeat. Their power ended that year. Belisarius continued his campaign against them until 554.
• Power Achieved (538). By now, Rome was free from all Arian domination and the pope was now the undisputed head of the church. The French kingdom was the first orthodox Catholic kingdom, the others eventually followed.
• King Makers (755). The powerful French kings helped to install the papacy in the sixth century. In 755, Pepin III, the Short, defeated the Lombards and gave civil power to Pope Stephen III by giving him their property, the Exarchate of Ravenna, Pentopolis and twenty one cities and castles. Prior to this, the church had absolute religious power and it had civil power through its control of the king. Pepin III was appointed king of the Franks by pope Stephen in a meeting in which Stephen asked for help. Ironically, it was the French who brought down the church during the Napoleonic wars in 1798.

The Holy Roman Empire. With the empire divided into two and the Bishop of Rome the head of the western empire, the church quickly established itself as the power behind all powers. They approved, coronated, threatened and punished kings. They had the power to ask governments to use their armies to execute the desires of the church.

The Visigoths converted to Orthodoxy/Catholicism in 589, but were later destroyed by the Muslims. After some fluctuations in their power, and periods of division, the Franks eventually, but briefly, created a vast empire, which was considered to be the continuation of the Western Roman Empire, comprising most of the then civilized lands of Central and Western Europe (with the exception of a large part of the Iberian peninsula, now belonging to the Muslims).

In the year 800, the Frankish King Charlemagne was crowned Emperor by the Pope, thus becoming a successor to the Roman Emperors of the past, only now it was felt that such a title could only be granted by the Church. Historians traditionally regard this event as the birth of the Holy Roman Empire Under the auspices of the Catholic Franks, the Papal States were created in central Italy, comprising Rome and the areas around her. The Frankish Empire was divided into a French and a German half a few decades after its formation. The Papal States would survive until 1871. In November 1793, all Christian churches in Paris, the center of the Revolution, closed down, and the Christian religion was officially banned.

During its reign, the states were separate powers often times at war with each other. But the church was a unifying force in that it installed and dethroned kings and could call the states at anytime to use its military power to enforce church laws and policy.

The Church under the Papacy

Prophetic Footprints
Religious power Removes three of the ten divisions Lasts 1260 years Persecutes the church Captured Rises to power again Allies with the United States Controls world religion Defeated by God (future)

The reign of the papacy was marked by these events:

1. Power. Helped to power by the French king Clovis and later Justinian.
2. Defeat of three Nations. Three rulers and nations were exterminated (Vandals, Heruli, Ostrogoths) before the church could take over control of Rome.
3. Persecutes. The church persecuted and killed between 50-100 million martyrs as heretics in a series of organized campaigns.
   The Crusades against Muslims and Protestant heretics.
   The Inquisition against Protestant heretics.
4. Captured. Removed from power in 1798 during the Napoleonic wars, when General Berthier imprisoned Pope Pius II and created the Papal States.
5. 1260 Year Reign. The reign would last from 538 with the defeat of the Ostrogoths to 1798 with the imprisonment of Pope Pius.
6. Restoration. Sovereign power was restored after World War II when Italy and the Pope signed the Lateran Treaty and created the Vatican City.

The Decline of Papal Rome
The political and religious decline of the church came in several stages, the most influential was the Reformation.

1. The Invention of Printing. Before this time, only a few copies of the Bible existed, mostly in Latin and in monasteries. Printing made is available in more languages and more widely circulated. Education was followed by unrest.
2. The Protestant Reformation. It caused many to question the doctrines of the church and broke the religious dominance of the church. With new information from the Bible and in reaction to centuries of persecution many broke away from the church.
3. The French Revolution. It changed the political dominance of the church. With new ideas of government, the resulting Napoleonic wars spread the new political ideas. With their hatred of the church, they succeeded in taking away the land and government of the church in Rome.

The church used many tactics to combat the rising tide of independence. They began with force.

Spain and the Inquisition
The nation of Spain is discussed because of the Spanish Inquisition. In 1478 Pope Sixtus IV issued a papal bull for the creation of the Spanish Inquisition, at the request of the Spanish rulers Ferdinand and Isabella. They used this system to unify the nation of Spain which was divided into various groups after Spain was retaken by the Christians in the Crusades.

The king and queen chose Catholicism to unite the nation. They drove out Jews, Muslims and other nonbelievers. In 1483, Tomas de Torquemada became the inquisitor general for most of Spain. He was responsible for establishing the rules of inquisitorial procedure and creating branches of the Inquisition in various cities.

The Spanish Inquisition was officially abolished in 1834.

Jesuits
One of the tasks assigned to the Jesuits at the Council of Trent was to fight the reformation by inquisition, torture and theology.

The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) was founded by Saint Ignatius Loyola in 1534 and was officially approved by Pope Paul III in 1540. Loyola was a devotee of the virgin Mary whom he credited with giving him the spiritual exercises that is practiced among the group. They are bound by a vow of obedience to the pope and are governed by a general in Rome who is elected for life. This general is sometimes referred to as the "Black Pope". In this case "black" means hidden or evil activities. He is thought to be the most powerful in the Roman Catholic Church.
Their work mainly centered on foreign missions, education and working with outsiders. As such they became spiritual advisors to kings and taught the sons of leading families. These activities (education and political influence) are two of their primary means of promoting Catholicism.

• Counter-Reformation. The Jesuits were instrumental in combating the reformation. They acted as the theologians at the council of Trent (1545 - 1564) which was convened to deal with the emerging problem of Protestantism. The council rejected the Protestant ideas of righteousness by faith and "sola scriptura" (the Bible only).
• Persecution. The Jesuits have been linked to major involvement in the fight to regain Catholic dominance over the world.
  • The Jesuits became judges in the inquisition in which the vast majority of the 100 - 200 million Protestant martyrs in the dark ages were murdered..
  • On August 24, 1572, Roman Catholics in France, by pre-arranged plan, murdered 70,000 Protestants within two months
  • Political assassinations
  • Stirring up the Thirty years war.
• Jesuit Futurism Theology. Martin Luther and other reformers became convinced that the pope was the Antichrist. And he used this message in addition to the doctrine of faith alone to fuel the reformation.
  
  In 1590, the Jesuit scholar Francisco Ribera developed the futurist interpretation of prophecy. He stated that Antichrist was a future evil person who would rebuild Jerusalem. He also introduced the "Gap Theory" which stated that when Rome fell, prophecy stopped and no prophecies were being fulfilled in the dark ages. The theories were popularized by Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, another Jesuit.
  
  The theories remained within Catholicism for about 300 years until the Jesuit writings were discovered in England by Dr. Samuel Roffey Maitland, a librarian to the Archbishop of Canterbury. From his writings it would spread by several others.
  1. James H. Todd, a professor of Hebrew at the University of Dublin.
  2. John Henry Newman - a member of the Church of England and a leader of the famous Oxford Movement whose goal was to "absorb the various English denominations and parties” back into the Church of Rome.". He eventually became a Roman Catholic cardinal.
  3. Scottish Presbyterian minister, Edward Irving
  4. John Nelson Darby, The Father of Modern Dispensationalism. He visited the United States and spread futurism here.
  5. Cyrus Ingerson Scofield - incorporated the theory into his reference Bible.
• Expulsion. Because of their political activities, the society was expelled from Asia, America and Europe in 1767 and was suppressed in 1773 by Clement XIV. They continued to survive in Prussia and Russia. They were restored by Pius VII in 1814. In that year the church was still suffering from the loss of power received in the French Revolution. So it probably called on the order of the Jesuits to use their successful tactics in building up the church again.

The Thirty Years War (1618 - 1648)
The Protestant Reformation (1517) and the printing of the Bible in the common language brought religious chaos to Europe. It eventually helped to start the Thirty Years war which was basically a war of religion involving several nations. It eventually became a political war as other Catholic countries (France) became fearful of the growing Spanish power.
The Spanish Hapsburgs joined the Austrians to form the Catholic League. They would be at war with several nations for the next thirty years.

• Bohemian Revolt (1618-1620). By 1618, Bohemia (a province of Austria) became Protestant (Calvinists) and they rejected the Catholic king imposed on them by the Austrian Hapsburg rulers. The Bohemians chose the German Frederick of the Palatine instead of Ferdinand of Styria as their king. The Hapsburgs attempted to eradicate Protestantism and war broke out. After the Spanish joined the war, Bohemia was defeated in the Battle of White Mountain and convinced other Protestant states (in the Treaty of Ulm) to abandon them by giving a promise of safety.
• Germany (1619-1623). The Catholic League combated not only religious threats but other political ideologies in this region and Germany suffered the most in this war.
• Denmark (1624-1629). Christian IV of the Lutheran state of Denmark felt threatened by the victory of the Catholic league and entered the war. He formed an alliance with England and France in the Treaty of Hague. But Denmark was devastated by the war and withdrew in the Peace of Lubeck (1629) and had to give up all claims to the northern German territories (Baltic regions).
  Ferdinand II imposed the Edict of Restitution in 1629 - reestablishing Catholic authority on all church lands. This stirred up more resentment.
• Sweden (1630-1635). With the conquest of the Hapsburgs in the Baltic regions, Sweden entered the war. The Swedish campaign was mostly successful as they slowly won back the German lands. But the death of their leader caused a reversal and France joined the war at this time in the Treaty of Barwalde. Although France was a Catholic state, they were concerned about the growth of their enemy - Spain.
• France and Sweden (1635-1648). With French involvement, the Spanish forces were ultimately defeated.
• The Peace of Westphalia (1648). It did not resolve any religious issues but caused the decentralization of power and the rise of Prussia.

Prophetic Footprints
Against God Lasts 3 ½ years

The French Revolution
The final demise of the church came during the French Revolution. By 1789, the French treasury was bankrupt. The problem precipitated a political upheaval that eventually affected the whole world.

The discontent with the French government was due to the financial crisis, disaffection with the privileged clergy and nobility fuelled the rebellion of the underprivileged classes against feudal oppression. Louis XVI convened the States-general at Versailles on May 5, 1789, for the first time since 1614 to deal with the financial problems. This forum was used by some deputies to press for sweeping political and social reforms that far exceeded the assembly's powers.

French Revolution Timeline
1789	July 14	Storming of the Bastille. Revolution began
	August 14	Nationalization of Church property
	August 26	Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1792	August 10	Monarchy overthrown
	September 2-7	September Massacres. 1500 prisoners killed
	Republic: (21 September 1792 to 26 October 1795)
	September 21	The "Convention" abolishes monarchy, sets up republic
	September 28	Danton declares that the revolution is a revolution against all kings
	November 19	The Convention declares its willingness to help all subjected peoples to achieve their liberty
	December 26	King Louis XVI was brought to trial
1793	January 15	Louis XVI condemned by 351 out of 700
	January 21	Louis XVI executed on the guillotine
	February	War declared on Britain and Holland (February 1). Spain (March 7)
	March 10	Revolutionary Tribunal to judge "enemies of the republic"
	April 6	Committee of Public Safety, the official terror organization of the state
	September 5	Reign of Terror begins
	October 5	New Republican calendar retroactive to 22 September 1792
	-	Press censored
	October 16	Queen Marie Antoinette guillotined
	November 10	The Festival of Reason in Notre Dame
	Religion Banned for about 3.5 Years
	November 22	Roman Catholicism banned and churches closed. Bibles burned
1794	February 5	The Great Terror. Mass executions. 250,000 killed. Some sources say 500,000 to a million
	June 8	The Festival of the Supreme Being worshipping Bacchus and nature. Robespierre starts the cult of the supreme being and is called "the prophet of the new dawn" and the "Messiah who would renew the earth". This festival resembles Mardi Gras
	June 10	Law of 22 Prairial. Great Terror
	June 27-28	Robespierre is accused, condemned and executed after a failed suicide attempt
	September 18	State no longer pays expenses and salaries of the church
1795	April 1	Food shortages and riots
	February 21	Freedom of worship and separation of church and state is official
	May 20-23	Bread riots and white terror in Paris
	Directory: (27 October 1795 to 10 November 1799)
	November 3	The Directory begins, 1795-1799
1796	April 11	Italy invaded
1797	April 18	Electors turn against the Directory
	Religion Returns after 3.5 Years
	August 24	Repeal of laws against the clergy
1798	The Fall of the Papacy and The Fall of Egypt
	February 10	France captures Rome and declared a republic
	February 15	Pope flees
	February 20	Pope imprisoned and taken to Siena then to Florence
	July 1	French land in Egypt
	July 21	French victory of the Pyramids against the Mamelukes
	August 1	Battle of the Nile. Admiral Nelson defeats the French fleet at Aboukir Bay
1799	April 16	Napoleon, with 600 men reinforcing 1500 soldiers of general Kleber, defeats 25,000 Turks at the Battle of Mt. Tabor on the plains of Megiddo
	August 22	Napoleon deserts his army
	August 29	Pope Pius VI dies in Valence, France
	October 9	Napoleon returns secretly to France
	Consulate: (November 1799 to ?)
	November 9-10	Coup d'etat. Napoleon overthrows directory
	December 12	Napoleon becomes first consul
1801	July 15	Concordat signed with the Papacy
1803	April 30 - December 20	Louisiana Purchase. France sells 530 million acres to the USA for $15 million
1814	January 11	British hire Rothschilds to finance the war with war bonds
1815	June 12-18	Napoleon defeated at Waterloo

They proclaimed themselves the National Assembly (June 17) and took an oath not to separate until a constitution had been drawn up. Acting on rumors, on October 5 a mob marched to Versailles and forcibly moved the royal family and the Assembly to Paris. There the Assembly drafted a constitution (1791) that created a limited monarchy. the preamble was the famous Declaration Of The Rights Of Man And Citizen. Influenced by the United States Declaration Of Independence and the Enlightenment, it asserted the equality of all men, the sovereignty of the people, and the inalienable rights of the individual to liberty, property and security.

On September 21 the Convention (revolutionary government) abolished the monarchy, set up the first Republic, tried and executed the king for treason in January 1793. This led to a royalist uprising and the September massacres (September 2-7, 1792) in which hundreds of royal prisoners were killed. This was followed by the Reign Of Terror in 1792-1794 led by Maximilien Robespierre.
On 22 November 1793, Robespierre reports on the principles of political morality, declaring that the revolutionary government is based on both virtue and terror

"... virtue without which terror is evil, terror without which virtue is powerless"

Robespierre was executed after a coup d'etat of 9 Thermidor (July 27, 1794), and the Directory came into existence under the new constitution of 1795. Their reign was plagued with corruption and was finally ended by Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'etat of 18 Brumaire and the establishment of the Consulate. Thus ended the French Revolutionary Wars, the beginning of the Napoleonic empire (1804) and the Napoleonic wars in which the French tried to spread their revolutionary ideas and liberalism and communism across Europe. Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo and exiled.

The Death of God in France. During the revolution, the people revolted against the Catholic church. The people had been tortured and repressed for so long, that when they revolted they rejected all of Christianity and the word of God.

For 3 and ½ years beginning November 24, 1793 to April 1797 religion was banned and a substitute put in place. They even changed the calendar to show their new found love for natural law.

Beginning with that period (November 24, 1793 or 3rd Frimaire in Year II), the churches of Paris were closed and the public reading of the Bible forbidden. Immediately, almost all parts of the town renounced religion, closed parish churches and reopened them as temples of reason. In these temples, a prostitute, Désirée Candéille, was installed as the Goddess of Reason after she paraded naked through the streets of Paris.

The goddess, after being embraced by the president, was mounted on a magnificent car, and conducted, amid an immense crowd, to the cathedral Notre Dame, to take the place of Deity. There she was elevated on a high altar, and received the adoration of all present.

At the end of the period, the churches of Paris were reopened and the public reading of the Bible was encouraged among the Protestants. All non-Catholic groups (Protestants and Jews) were granted freedom of religion. The French Protestants had been subjected to millions of deaths in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, the slaughter of Protestant Huguenots at the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by King Louis XIV, Albigensian Inquisition and Crusade, and the persecution of the Huguenots.

In their animosity towards the Catholic church, the members of the government appealed to Napoleon to destroy the papacy. Christianity and the French Revolution page 151 quotes a letter written to Napoleon from the Directory of France who appealed to him with these words:

The Roman religion would always be the irreconcilable enemy of the Republic. It must be struck in France. It must be struck in Rome ... that is to destroy, if possible, the center of the unity of the Roman church; and it is for you, who unite in your person the most distinguished qualities of the general ... to realize this aim.

The Demise of the Papacy. By 1798, General Berthier entered Rome and seized Pope Pius VI and placed him in prison on February 15, 1798. He made his entrance into Rome, abolished the Papal government and established a secular one. This temporarily ended 1260 years of Papal rule and their loss of prestige around the world. They were brought to power by the French General Belisarius and removed from power by the French - Napoleon and General Berthier.

The Loss of Power in Italy. In 1870, the new government of Italy seized the Papal states, including Rome. On 13 May 1871, it passed the "Law of Papal Guarantees" granting the pope a salary, religious freedom and the right to receive ambassadors.

Civic Isolationism. Pius IX refused to acknowledge this law and in May 1873, the state seized all Catholic schools, hospitals and religious orders. During this period, Leo XIII developed an official position on religious liberties and church-state relations, which demanded that states must not only care for religion but must "recognize the true religion professed by the Catholic church." These policies would be implemented by Vatican II.

The Papacy Rises Again.
The Lateran Treaty (11 February 1929). It was not until the Lateran Treaty, when Mussolini gave the Vatican City to the Church that the secular power began to be restored. The Lateran treaty had three sections.

• Treaty of Conciliation. It established Vatican City as an independent church-state and restored the civil sovereignty of the Pope as a monarch.
• Financial Convention. It compensated the Holy See for loss of the papal states.
• Concordat. It addressed the Roman Catholic Church's ecclesiastical relations with the Italian State. Catholicism was the state religion.

Concordat (3 June 1985). This treaty with Italy replaced the Lateran treaty. It gave the papacy more international power, but the church was no longer the official state religion.
The church has signed concordats with many governments. These agreements guarantee certain rights of the Catholics within the country.

International Power. The international power of the church grew. By 1989, the world would learn that the church was instrumental in cooperating with the United States to bring an end to communism since 1981.

• The Holy See (1957). The church and the Secretary-General of the United Nations agreed to refer to the Papal delegation at the United Nations as the 'Holy See'.
  The Holy See has been registered as a “Non-member State Permanent Observer” of the United Nations (U.N.) giving it the right to speak and vote at all U.N. conferences. All other religions are registered as NGO (non-governmental organizations) and do not have this privilege.
• United Nations Permanent Observer Status (21 March 1964). Paul VI established the first Holy See permanent observer mission at the United Nations. As a permanent observer, it cannot cast a vote in the General Assembly of the United Nations. It can participate in General Assembly discussions and decisions and can address the General Assembly.
• Protestant Political Action Groups (1973). The church began to openly form political organizations to influence legislation supported by the church. By 1979, they began to recruit fundamental ministers in this struggle to "save Christianity". Many Protestant political groups sprung up after this with the financial backing of Catholics. In some cases, organizations with a Protestant foundation are fully staffed by Catholics.
• United States (1981). After the failed assassination attempts on Ronald Reagan and John Paul II, both leaders agreed to cooperate. By December 1983, the United States appointed an ambassador and openly established full diplomatic relations with the Holy See after repealing a 1868 law denying funds for any embassy to the Vatican or formal relations. Since Franklin Roosevelt, the government had an unofficial relationship with the church by having a non-salaried position as the president's personal representative to the Holy See. Then the country began to implement Vatican policy on birth control around the world by cutting off funds to the United Nations agencies that distribute this aid. The policy does not target abortion only, it targets the concept of artificial birth control.
• Christian Churches Together in the USA (2004). For the first time, the Catholic church officially joined one of these groups with Protestants. Previously, they were merely supporters.

Attempts to unite Europe
Several peaceful and violent methods have been used in an attempt to unite the divided kingdom of Europe into one political entity under one ruler.

Prophetic Footprints
The old Roman empire will be divided into ten powers They will attempt to unite by marriage They will be ruled by a 'little' power They will not unite as one political body like the old Roman empire

These include marriages between members of the royal family, by war and now we see an attempt to partially join Europe by an economic union. Under the economic union, there may be an attempt to get full political union. By itself this too will fail. Even though prophecy says that there may not be another long political union, there is a coming spiritual union under one leader, the Roman Catholic Church.

1. European Unity by Marriage
The European monarchies attempted to bring peace and unity by marriage. This type of activity picked up around the eleventh century and was the norm by the 1800's. All these intermarriages eventually failed to bring about one political union similar to the days of the Roman Empire under the caesars. During the middle ages, the church brought about a religious union, and the pope was able to influence the monarchs on the basis of religious action as if he were the head of all those states. But still this was not a complete political union. The kingdom remained divided.

Many attempts were made to unite by war or marriage. The most significant was the reign of Queen Victoria, the 'grandmother of Europe', she married a German prince and they had 9 children whose marriages were made to strengthen their ties with the other royal houses. Many times this caused brother and sister to be at odds with the British position and with each other. Despite all the relationships, there was always enmity or war between Britain and France, Prussia and Denmark and between Hungary and Prussia. Following are just a few examples of some primary unions. Relationships of the spouses to other royal houses were not considered.

Queen Victoria - Grandmother of Europe

*Queen Victoria married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (German). They had 9 children. Victoria empress of Germany - Prince Frederick of Prussia King Edward VII of Great Britain - Princess Alexandria of Denmark *Alice Grand Duchess of Hesse - Louis of Austria Alfred Duke of Edinburgh - Marie of Russia Their son became King Carol II of Romania Helena Princess of Schleswig-Holstein - Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein Louise Duchess of Agryll - Sir John Alexander McDonald of Scotland. He became prime minister of Canada. Arthur Duke of Connaught - Princess Louise Margarte of Prussia *Leopold Duke of Albany - Helene of Waldeck *Beatrice Princess of Battenburg - Prince Henry of Battenburg (Prussia) Daughter *Victoria Eugenia married King Alfonso XIII of Spain. * These carried the genetic disease of Hemophelia

1. British Royal. House under Queen Victoria (1819-1901). She married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg Gotha (German) and their 9 children and some grand children married into the royal families of Denmark, Austria, Russia, Scotland, Prussia, Darmstatt. The grandchildren married in the royal families of Spain, Romania, Germany (Battenberg), Netherlands and Denmark.
2. Spanish Royal House. Starting with King Carols I whose parents were from Austria and Aragon he married a princess from Portugal. Their son Filipe II had three marriages to princesses from Portugal, France and Austria. Each successive heir married in the royal families from Portugal, France, Austria, Bavaria, Orleans, Savoy, Saxony, Parma, Sicily, Greece and Denmark.
   The two generations of Carlos I and his son Fillipe II represented the union of five different nations by marriage.
3. Kings of the Hellenes (Greece). This royal line married into families from Bavaria, Saxe-Hildburghausen, Hesse-Cassel, Russia, Prussia, Romania, Hohenzollern, Hannover and Denmark.
4. Kings of Yugoslavia. Married into the royal families of Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, Greece and Denmark.
5. Kings of Romania. Married into the royal families of Hohenzollern, Great Britain and Ireland, Greece and Denmark.
6. Kings of Bulgaria. Married into the royal families of Hesse-Darmstadt, Orléans, Saxe-Coburt and Gotha, Bourbon-Parma and Savoy.
7. Grand Dukes of Luxenburg. Married into the royal families of Netherlands, Prussia, Russia, Belgium, Saxe-Altenburg, Portugal and Bourbon-Parma.
8. Kings of Norway. Married into the royal families of Denmark, Poland, Normandy, England, Sweden, Pomerania, Bavaria, Germany, Hesse-Cassel and Prussia.
9. Kings of Denmark. Married into the royal families of Norway, Sweden, Netherlands, Flanders, Pommerania, Portugal, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Saxony, Hohenzollern, Brunswick, Hesse-Cassel, Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Iceland.
10. Kings of Belgium. Married into the royal families of Wales, Habsburg-Lothringen, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Flanders, Bavaria and Sweden.
11. Kings of the Netherlands (Dutch). Married into the royal families of Prussia, Russia, Würtemberg, Waldeck and Pyrmont, Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Lippe-Biesterfeld.
12. Kings of France. Married into the royal families of England, Spain, Austria, Portugal, Hungary, Italy, Denmark, Greece, Belgium and Bavaria. In 1770 King Louis XVI of France married Marie Antoinette of Austria to strengthen ties between the two countries. They were killed in the French Revolution.
13. Tsars of Russia. Romanov dynasty (1613 - 1917). Married into the royal houses of Germany, Denmark, Prussia, Greece, Sweden, Britain and Spain.

The Ruling Classes. Four major families dominated the old Roman empires and their reigns ended in 1917 at the end of World War I.

1. Habsburgs. Princes of Austria, Bohemia and Hungary. The Republic of Austria declined after World War I when its territory was split into Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania and Bulgaria
2. Hohenzollerns. German and Prussian princes
3. Romanovs. Russia. They were conquered in the Bolshevik revolution.
4. Ottomans. Turkey and the Middle East (Approximately 1444-1917)

See Map of Old Europe.

The Decline of Monarchies

Country	Type of Monarchy	Year Ended
Egypt	Empire	31 BC
Belgium	Kingdom	Ceremonial
Denmark	Kingdom	Ceremonial
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	Kingdom	Ceremonial
Liechtenstein	Principality	Ceremonial
Luxembourg	Grand Duchy	Ceremonial
Monaco	Principality	Ceremonial
Netherlands	Kingdom	Ceremonial
Norway	Kingdom	Ceremonial
Spain	Kingdom	Ceremonial
Sweden	Kingdom	Ceremonial
Albania	Principality	1918/ 1939
Austria-Hungary	Empire, Kingdom	1918
Baden	Grand Duchy	1918
Bavaria	Kingdom	1918
Brunswick	Duchy	1918
Bulgaria	Kingdom	1946
Germany	Empire	1918
Greece	Kingdom	1973
Hesse and by Rhine	Grand Duchy	1918
Italy	Kingdom	1946
Lippe	Principality	1918
Mecklenburg-Schwerin	Grand Duchy	1918
Mecklenburg-Strelitz	Grand Duchy	1918
Montenegro	Kingdom	1918
Oldenburg	Grand Duchy	1918
Portugal	Kingdom	1910
Prussia	Kingdom	1918
Reuss	Principality	1918
Romania	Kingdom	1947
Russia	Empire	1917
Saxe-Altenburg	Duchy	1918
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Duchy	1918
Saxe-Meiningen	Duchy	1918
Saxe-Weimar and Eisenach	Grand Duchy	1918
Saxony	Kingdom	1918
Schaumburg-Lippe	Principality	1918
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt	Principality	1918
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen	Principality	1918
Serbia	Kingdom	1918
Waldeck and Pyrmont	Principality	1918
Württemberg	Kingdom	1918
Yugoslavia	Kingdom	1945

At the end of World War I (1918) most monarchies were abolished or replaced with republics or other forms of government, leaving the old families with only ceremonial duties. There are only ten surviving monarchies and these have no real power.

2. European Unity by War
All these attempts to unite Europe eventually failed to annex an area equal to the area of the old Roman empire under any conditions (war or peace).

1. Charlemagne or Charles the Great . (768-814) A French king of German descent - Unified the areas of Northern and central Italy, France and Germany He assumed the role of protector of the church. He started 53 campaigns to enlarge his territory and Christianize the region. When he conquered the Saxons, he gave them a choice between baptism and death. At the height of his rule his territory included most of Italy and the Balkans, the region between the Pyrenees and the Baltic and the region between the Atlantic and the Vistula.
2. Otto I the Great. (936-973) He subdued the duchies of Bavaria, Swabia, Franconia and Lorraine. He later tried to extend his territory to France, Burgundy and Italy. At one point he was declared the defacto head of the west. By 955 he allied with the church to achieve some of his political goals and eventually ended up controlling who was elected to the papacy. The Ottonian system and the union of church and state caused the spread of Christianity into Slav territory.
3. Henry III. (1039-1056) a German emperor. He wanted to be ruler of the Universal state through the church. He fought for the idea of the supremacy of the church. Under his rulership, the Holy Roman Empire achieved its greatest power.
4. Charles IV. (1294-1328), King of France (1322-1328). He invaded British territory in 1324 and tried to become emperor of France with the help of Pope John XXII who has deposed Louis IV
5. Louis XIV. The Sun King (1643-1715). He was the champion of absolute monarchy and fought the other European countries in 4 wars.
   He started the War of Devolution (1667-1668) against Spain claiming the Spanish Netherlands. In 1672-1678 he fought against the Dutch in the third English - Dutch war. He captured territory from Italy, Spain, Germany and Flanders.
6. Napoleon Bonaparte. The French emperor Most of the Holy Roman Empire, Britain escaped. The Russian army and an unusual winter storm in the summer ended his dreams. In June 18, 1815 he was defeated at Waterloo by the allied forces of England, Russia, Prussia and Austria when an unusually heavy rain trapped his artillery in the mud. It is claimed that Napoleon said:

   God Almighty has been too much for me.

7. Kaiser Wilhelm. Leader of Germany in World War I (1914)
8. Adolph Hitler. Leader of Germany in World War II (1942) - Forcibly captured France, Poland, Norway, Denmark, Austria and made allies in Italy, Greece and part of North Africa. But Spain, Sweden, North West Africa and Switzerland was officially neutral and Great Britain was against her.

See Map of unification areas.

3. European Unity by Religion
After the year 538, the Western European nations were successfully united by the Church of Rome. The nations still remained sovereign nations and many times were fighting against each other. They never achieved the political unity of the old Roman empire - but they did achieve a false religious unity. This unity of the people under religion was maintained by the church and state under the threat of death, persecution and torture. Although there was still national and political strife, Europe was united in maintaining their Catholic Christian identity until the reformation.

To maintain this purity of religion, the popes were able to influence the governments to declare internal wars against Protestants, or to go on crusades against Muslims and Jews. The ability to influence the states decreased after the capture of the Pope by General Berthier in 1798. Consequently, there are no more overt declaration of wars against heretics that are legally enforced by the state.

At least not yet.

4. The European Union - an Economic Union
The European Union formed as a more integrated trade group. Each nation remains sovereign, but attempts to standardize, trade, standards and eliminate export tariffs are just a part of the economic goals. By the year 2001, the official currency of the participating nations changed to the Euro dollar.

Others see an attempt to integrate more deeply into the political lives by standardizing criminal law and elevating the leadership of the union to a more political one. They are now attempting to go beyond the original goal of economic unity to form a military alliance.

The leaders of 15 European countries decided Thursday to make the European Union a military power for the first time in it's 42 year history. Sacramento Bee, June 4, 1999

• European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)(18 April 1951). Europe of the Six formed by Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The concept of a united Europe, at first based on economic interests, was started by Catholic leaders, supposedly with the support of the church. Jean Monnet, Robert Schumann, Konrad Adenauer, Alcide de Gasperi, Joseph Retinger were instrumental in founding this organization.
• European Economic Community (25 March 1957). The "Treaties of Rome" creates the European Economic Community (EEC) with the goal of forming a common market by 1968. The name was changed to the European Union (EU) in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty.
• European Communities (1 July 1967).
• Customs Union (1 July 1968). Items are duty free between members of the community.
• European Currency Snake (21 March 1972). Ideas of a monetary union.
• Europe of the Nine (1 January 1973). Denmark, United Kingdom and Ireland join the union.
• Europe of the Ten (1 January 1981). Greece joins the union.
• Europe of the Twelve (1 January 1986). Spain and Portugal join the union. Amendments to the treaty in the Single European Act. It aims for a single market by 1 January 1993.
• Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty) (1 November 1993). Reforms to assist the cooperation in many areas of policy.
• Europe of the Fifteen (1 January 1995). Finland, Sweden and Austria join the union.
• Central Bank (1 January 1994). The European Monetary Institute (EMI) makes preparations for the European Central Bank.
• Amsterdam Treaty (2 October 1997). Further reforms in the areas of justice, home affairs, foreign policy and security policy.
• Luxembourg Group (31 March 1998). Negotiations begin to include Hungary, Poland, Estonia, the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Cyprus in the union. They joined the union on 1 January 2004.
• Monetary Union (1 January 1999). Eleven member countries have the same currency.
• Helsinki Group (15 February 2000). Negotiations begin to include Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Romania and Slovakia in the union. Bulgaria and Romania joined the union on 1 January 2007. The rest joined the union on 1 January 2004.
• European Constitution (29 October 2004). The constitution was signed and must be ratified by all the member countries.
• Constitution Rejected (May 2005). French and Dutch voters rejected the constitution by a popular vote, creating a constitutional crisis.
• Lisbon Treaty (19 October 2007). It bypasses the national referendum to accept the constitution and relies on parliamentary votes. It also appoints a single head of the European Union especially in areas of foreign affairs instead of the six month rotating presidency. Before January 2007, the presidency rotated between each member country every six months. After this, the presidency rotated among three members on an 18 month schedule as long as three smaller countries in a row do not control the office.

The European Union - A Prophecy
The prophecies of Daniel 2 states that after the Roman empire is divided it will never unite as one political entity until the Second Coming of the Messiah. A certain level of unity has been achieved under religion and this may also happen under the current economic plans. But prophecy states that no political union under one ruler will be achieved in the Old Roman empire.

What will happen in the future, is that we will see a revival of the religious union like the one that influenced Europe during the years 538-1798. The Bible states that they would attempt to unite by marriage but they will not stay together. There will never be one Europe (from the old Roman Empire) under one real leader - but there will again be a Europe dominated by the church. The current economic union is said to have been a brain child of the church. It was a long term strategy to once again regain religious control - at the right moment.

Already, influential people in the United Nations are calling for this type of church control of Europe and the West, to avoid Muslim take over of the world.

Muslims will not take over the world. The Catholic church will. But as you see the Muslim threat you will fall under the control of the church and the United States by accepting their plans. That is the message of the prophecies of Daniel and Revelation.

The Byzantine Church in the East
While Rome had their problems in the west, the Byzantine church (Orthodox and Coptic) were being overrun by Islam. The church of Rome and the kings of the Holy Roman Empire made frequent assaults through formal crusades on Palestine to save Jerusalem from infidels, but eventually Islam won.

Islam.
By the seventh century, eastern Rome came under the attack by the followers of Mohammed. They conquered Syria and Egypt and all the Persian territories but not Byzantium. In 670 and 717, they tried, unsuccessfully, to conquer Byzantium with a large fleet. By the ninth century, the Byzantine empire began to reconquer their territory and were once again powerful in the region of Greece to Arabia.

The worst assault on the Greek division of the empire lasted from July 27, 1299 to 1449 when the Turks were at war with the Greek empire.

Crusades. However, in 1071, the Turks conquered the Byzantine army and quickly took all of the empire. The Byzantine empire turned to the western empire for help, and this brought the crusades. The crusaders even attacked the city of Constantinople in 1204, but the empire continued to function in Greece until 1261 when they retook the city.

The Byzantine empire finally fell in 1453, when the Ottoman Turks conquered the city and renamed it Istanbul. Constantinople was captured after a siege lasting from April 6, 1453 and May 16. Crusades were launched against the empire in 1366, 1396 and 1444 - without success.
Fall of the Ottoman Empire. By August 11, 1840 the empire had lost its power. The Ottoman Turks would later lose the rest of their empire at the end of World War I in 1918. The former empire is now confined to the country of Turkey.

Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Turks converted to Islam in the eighth and ninth century. The Seljuk tribe became dominant in the tenth century and instituted orthodox Islam in their region.

By the fourteenth century, the Ottomans were expanding into the Byzantine empire.
Gallipoli was conquered in 1354.
In 1394, the Ottomans defeated the crusaders at the Battle of Nicopolis and captured many European leaders.
In 1444, they defeated an Hungarian - Polish army.
In 1453, Constantinople fell.
In 1480, they were in Italy for a short time.
In 1918 the monarchy came to an end after the sided with Germany in World War I. Their empire was largely taken over by Britain.

See Map of the Roman Empire. Map of the ten divisions of Rome. Map of the breakup of the empire by religion.

World War 1 (The Great War).
This war settled the fate of both the eastern and western empires. After this war, all monarchies lost their power as new forms of government took over. The Western monarchies were now figureheads. In the east, the Ottomans kings had lost their political power.

Although much of the European rulers were united by marriage, they were still constantly at war. France, Britain and Germany would remain dominant powers because of their colonization of distant lands. The ruin of Europe in the two World Wars was a direct cause of the emergence of the new super power - The United States of America.

Year	War	End of War	Issues
431-404 BC	Peloponnesian	Peace of Nicias	Greeks. Sparta against Athens. 90,000 died in a plague
331 BC	Battle of Arabela (Gaugemela)	331 BC	Greeks under Alexander the Great defeated the Persians (Darius III) on October 1. With only 35,000 men Alexander defeated an army of one million.
168 BC	Battle of Pydna	168 BC	Romans defeated the Greeks (Macedonia) ending a four year war that started in 171 BC
31 BC	Battle of Actium	31 BC	Augustus Caesar defeated Mark Anthony and the Egyptian fleet of Cleopatra
1095-1272	Crusades	1272	Christians against the Turks, Wars authorized by the pope to fight against non-Christians (Muslims and Jews), heretics and Protestants
1311-1340	Genocide	-	35 million Chinese killed by the Mongols
1337-1453	Hundred Years' War	1453	England and France
1394	Battle of Nicopolis	-	Ottomans defeated the crusaders and captured many European leaders
1455-1485	War of the Roses	1485	British civil war
1562-1598	French Wars of Religion	1598	Huguenots and Catholics to suppress Calvinism
1618-1648	30 Years War	Treaty of Westphalia	An attempt to convert Protestant Europe to Catholicism by force. War between the French and the Hapsburg rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.
1688-1697	War of the League of Augsburg	Treaty of Rijswijk	Louis XIV against the alliance of England, Netherlands and Austria
1700-1721	Great Northern War	Treaty of Nystad	Russia, Denmark and Poland reduced Sweden's power. It led to Russia's rise as a major power.
1701-1714	War of Spanish Succession	Treaty of Utrecht	Louis XIV of France against the alliance of England, Dutch and the Austrians. The death of the childless Charles II of Spain started a war about who would inherit the throne.
1739-1743	War of Jenkin's Ear	1743	Britain and Spain
1740-1748	War of Austrian Succession	Treaty of Aiz-la-Chapelle	Prussia and Austria over the German states
1756-1763	Seven Years' War	Treaty of Paris, Treaty of Hubertusburg	Between Austria and Prussia and Britain, France
1775-1783	United States War of Independence	1783 Treaty of Paris	France, Spain and the Netherlands helped the 13 colonies to defeat Britain
1792-1802	French Revolutionary War	1802	France and neighboring states
1800-1815	Napoleonic Wars	1815	Napoleon's war to dominate Europe ended in the Battle of Waterloo June 18, 1815
1812-1814	War of 1812	Treaty of Ghent	United States and Britain over fair trade
1821-1828	Greek War of Independence	1828	Greek and Turkey. Britain, Russia and France later helped
1853-1856	Crimean War	1856	Britain and France against Russia to prevent Russian expansion after their defeat of the Turks in the Black Sea.
1861-1865	American Civil War	1865	23 northern and 11 Confederate South states about slavery and the Federal Union. 970,000 dead (620,000 soldiers)
1866	Austro - Prussian War	Unknown	Unknown
1880-1881 1899-1902	Boer Wars	1881	Britain's mastery of South Africa
1914-1918	World War I (the Great War)	Treaty of Versailles	Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy against Britain, France, Russia and the rest of the world. 37,000,000 dead
1915	Genocide	1918	Ottoman Turks massacre 1,500,000 Armenian Christians
1936-1939	Spanish civil War	Nationalist victory	Republicans (with the aid of Russia) against the Nationalists (with fascist Italy and Nazi Germany).
1937	Genocide	1954	Japanese massacre 200-300,000 Chinese in Nanking
1939-1945	World War II	1945	Germany, Italy and Japan against the allies (Britain, France, China, Russia, United States). 79,530,00 dead. War ended with the use of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki August 6 and August 9 1945.
	Genocide	1939-1945	Nazi Holocaust kill 12 million people. 6 million were Jews
1941-1944	Genocide	1944	1 million Yugoslavians killed by Nazis, Chetniks, Ustashi after the Tito regime
1946-1954	Indochinese War	1954	Vietnam and France
1950-1953	Korean War	1953	Communists and those who are not communists
1956	Suez War	1956	Britain, France, Israel against Egypt to regain control of the Suez canal
1956-1973	Vietnam War	1973	Communist North Vietnam against and South Vietnam. The United States became involved in 1961. 1-2 million dead
1966-1976	Indochinese War	1976	1 million Tibetans killed in Mao's cultural revolution
1967	Six Day War	1967	Israel against Egypt, Jordan and Syria with the support of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Sudan and Algeria
1970-1975	Cambodian War	1975	Cambodia, South Vietnam and United states against North Vietnam. 4 million killed (1970-80), 1.7 million between 1975-79 by Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge
October 6-22, 1973	Yom Kippur War	1973	Israel against Egypt and Syria with the support of Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Jordan
1980-1988	Iran - Iraq War	1988	Iran accused Iraq of trying to break up its country by supporting independence in some provinces
1982	Falklands Island War	1982	Britain against Argentina when it invaded the Falkland Islands
1988	Genocide	1988	Saddam Hussein used gas to kill 50-100,000 Kurds in the Anfal campaign
1991	Gulf War	1992	Iraq against the United States and 29 allies after Iraq invaded Kuwait. 100,000 Iraqis and 143 USA killed. 1 million more may have died in the sanctions afterwards
1991-1995	Genocide	1995	200-300,000 Bosnian Muslims and Croats killed by Serbs led by Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic
		1995	8,000 men and boys (12-60 years) killed in Srebrenica
1994	Genocide	1994	1,000,000 most Tutsis killed by Hutus in 100 days
September 2001	Afghanistan War	Present	United States against terrorist organization supported by the clerics of Afghanistan. It was precipitated by the September 11, 2001 suicide attacks by hijacked commercial planes against key United States buildings.
March 2003	Iraq War	Present	The United States against Iraq searching for nonexistent weapons of mass destruction

Disasters. Natural disasters include many sudden or slow processes that destroy lives and property. They include earthquake, hurricane, flood, tsunami, tornado, volcano, drought, famine, disease and fires.

In addition, some disasters are caused by human activity. Industrial accidents, wars and environmental changes. Global warming and deforestation are the major human activity that contributes to the problem.
The Plague killed about one third of the population of Europe.

Disasters are caused by plague, famine and flood. Some of these are caused by human behavior such as war, environmental changes, immorality and greed. The fourteenth century experienced the worst period of wars, plagues and disasters.

Disasters - Diseases.

Disease	Carrier	Year	Location	Effect
Infectious diseases	Air, water	Before 1929	Worldwide	Killed 25% of children
Diphtheria	Air	.:	Africa	Killed many children in the eighteenth and nineteenth century.
Typhus	Air	430 BC	Athens	The unknown plague of Athens might have been typhus. 90,000 died in Athens. 20% mortality, in 7 days, gangrene of the fingers tips and toes, fever, vomiting, thirst
Measles	Air	1850-2000	Worldwide	200,000,000
Cholera	Water	1800's	Europe	Millions ki rowspan="2">lled
		1991	Indonesia	New type of cholera
		1991	Latin America	600,000 infected and 5,000 killed
		1994	Rwanda	10,000 killed. The civil war killed 1,000,000
Smallpox	Air	Middle ages	Europe	Kills 30% of its victims. Officially eradicated in 1979. Some estimate the total number of victims to be 500,000,000
Smallpox	Air	1900-2000	Worldwide	300,000,000
Bubonic Plague	Rats and fleas	Third Century	Rome	Killed 5,000 each day
		165-180	Roman Empire	5,000,000 (Antonine Plague)
		542-662	Constantinople	At its peak, 10,000 people died each week. 70,000 in the city were killed. Also called Justinian's plague
		540-590	Asia, Europe, Africa	40,000,000 (Justinian's Plague)
		1324	Europe and Asia	25 million were killed in 1347 - 1351. During the crusades, killing 30 - 40% of the population
		1300-1720	Asia, Europe, Africa	100,000,000
		1665	London	Killed 17,440
		1850-1950	Worldwide	12,000,000
		1890	Asia	12.5 million killed 6 million were in India
		1924	Los Angeles	San Francisco in 1900
Leprosy	Contact	Middle ages	Europe	Epidemic in Europe in the Middle Ages. India, Brazil and Myanmar continue to have major problems
Tuberculosis	Air	1900-2000	Worldwide	40-100,000,000
Typhus	Air	1918	World War 1	150,000 soldiers died
Influenza (Spanish flu)	Air	1917-1918	Worldwide	Killed more people than the war. 50-100 million worldwide including 500,000 Americans. 40% of the United states population were infected
Asian Flu	Air	1957	Worldwide	4,000,000 pandemic
Hong Kong Flu	Air	1968	Worldwide	750,000 pandemic
Ebola	Contact	1977	Africa	Hemorrhagic fever. Also found in a research laboratory in Virginia in 1989. Causes death within 5 days. Currently isolated
Malaria	Mosquito	1900-2000	Worldwide	80-250,000,000
Yellow Fever	Mosquito	.:		Hemorrhagic fever
Dengue Fever	Mosquito	.:		Hemorrhagic fever, not fatal, occurs in southern United States, the Caribbean, and subtropical regions of Asia, the Pacific, and Africa
Lassa Fever	Rodents	.:		Hemorrhagic fever
Hantavirus	Air	.:		Hemorrhagic fever
Anthrax	Contact	.:	Farming communities	Disease of animals transmitted to humans
Mad cow disease	Contact	2000	Europe	Many farm animals had to be destroyed
AIDS	Sexually transmitted	1981-2010	Worldwide	12 million died and 40 million infected by year 2001. 25,250,000 by 2010
MRSA	Contact	1990	Worldwide	Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. Drug resistant
MRSA	Contact	2000	United States	Flesh eating disease. Drug resistant
PVL	Contact	2000	USA, Australia, England, France	Panton-Valentine Leukocidin. Drug resistant. 75% Fatal. Associated with MRSA
C-Diff	Contact	2008	United States	Clostridium Difficile. Drug resistant hospital bacteria
Tubercolosis	Air	2009	World	Drug resistant strain
AIDS Pandemic	Sexually transmitted	1981-2003	World	20 million dead. 60 million infected (6 million children)
Tubercolosis	Air	2003	World	1.7 million died. 33% of the world is infected
Bird Flu	Air	2003	World	Pandemic warnings issued in 2004. Waiting for the event
Influenza	Air	Annual	USA	Normally kills 30,000

Problem: Superbugs. A growing number of deadly pathogens are becoming resistant to all antibiotics because of insufficient course of treatment or the proliferation of antibacterial products. Studies show that alchohol-based hand sanitizers do not cause bug resistance but the chemical in antibacterial soaps are making antibiotics ineffective.

Disease: Acquired Immune Deficiency Disease. There are many deadly diseases that still exist today. Of these, the HIV virus, that produces AIDs is the most troublesome. As of 2001, forty million people were infected, none are cured.

In the sub Saharan section of Africa alone 3.8 million new infections were reported in the year 2000 and 2.4 million deaths occurred. A total of 25.3 million people in that region are living with AIDS in that year 1.1 million of these are children. 55% of the women are HIV positive and 25% of women between age 20-29 are infected!
So far, AIDs has orphaned 12.1 million children under the age of 14 in Africa.
What started out as a disease in gay men in western countries in the early 1980's is quickly becoming a disease of the minority and underprivileged populations.

While there is still no cure for AIDS and it is largely a sexually transmitted disease, people can live with the disease for years. But there are other diseases that strike suddenly and kill within days. Ebola is the most feared of all. It is transmitted through contact with an infected person. No one is safe. There is no cure.

Disasters - Famine. Famine caused 20 to 25 million deaths in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, and about two million in the last quarter of the twentieth century.

Famine	Year	Location	Effect
Famine	536 - 551	Europe	Unknown global disaster that cooled the planet
The Great Famine	1315-17	Europe	Millions died during the little ice age
Russian Famine	1601-03	Russia	2,000,000
Bengali Famine	1769-71	India	15,000,000
Irish Potato Famine	1846-49	Ireland	1-1.5 million died of hunger or disease
Northern Chinese Famine	1876-79	China	13,000,000
Southern and Central Indian Famine	1876-79	India	10,000,000
Finnish Famine	1866-68	Finland	150,000
Horn of Africa Famine	1888	Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia	1,000,000
Indian Famine	1896-1902	India	19,000,000
Chinese Famine of 1907	1907	China	24,000,000
Ukrainian Famine	1921-23	Russia, Ukraine	7 to 10 million killed by a man made famine
Chinese Famine of 1928-30	1928-30	China	3,000,000
Soviet Famine of 1932-33	1932-34	Soviet Union	5,000,000 as Stalin stopped the Ukraine independence movement
1936 Chinese Famine	1936	China	5,000,000
Chinese Drought of 1941	1941	China	3,000,000
Bengali Famine of 1943	1943	India	4,000,000
Vietnamese war famine	1943-45	Vietnam	2,000,000
Dutch Famine of 1944	1944	The Netherlands	18,000
Great Chinese Famine	1958-61	China	4.9 - 43 million died
Civil war Famine	1967-69	China	1 million died. 3.5 million starved
Bangladesh Famine	1974	Bangladesh	26,000 to 1,000,000
Famine in Ethiopia	1984	Ethiopia	1,000,000
North Korean Famine	1996-98	North Korea	1,200,000
Famine	Current	Africa	Caused by weather and war

Natural and Accidental Disasters List.

Disaster Year Location Deaths Typhus 430 BC Athens 90,000 Fire 47 BC Egypt Books Great Library of Alexandria, all knowledge destroyed Volcano 79 AD Pompeii and Herculenium 20000, August 24, Mt. Vesuvius Earthquake 526, May 20 Antioch 250,000 Volcano 535 AD Global 25-50% Global darkness and cooling effect for about 15 years causing famine. Possibly caused by a comet or a volcano in Indonesia Justinian's plague 542 Constantinople 70,000 Earthquake 856 Damghan, Iran 200,000 Earthquake 893 Ardabil, Iran 150,000 Earthquake 8 1138 Syria, Aleppo 230,000 August 9 St. Lucia Flood 1212 Netherlands 60,000 Earthquake 1268 Asia Minor, Silicia 60,000 North sea Flood 1287 Netherlands 50-80,000 Famine 1315 - 17 Europe millions died Bubonic plague 1346-52 Europe, Asia 25 million Started in Asia and then Italy. Jews blamed St Felix's Flood 1530 Netherlands 100,000+ Earthquake 8.2 1556 China, Shaanxi 830,000 January 23 Tsunami 1605 Japan 5,000 Yellow fever 1648 Havana   Plague 1649 Spain 80,000 Plague 1666 London 70,000 Stopped by the great fire Fire 1666 London 80% of city 80% of city destroyed September 2 Earthquake 1667 Caucasia, Shemakha 80,000 November Earthquake 1693 Italy, Sicily 60,000 January 11 Tsunami 1703 Japan 5,233 Tsunami 1707 Japan 30,000 Earthquake 1727 Iran, Tabriz 77,000 November 18 Cyclone 1737 India, Calcutta 300,000 November 11 Earthquake 8.7-9, tsunami 1755 Lisbon, Portugal 70-100,000+ Smallpox 1775-82 North America 130,000 Tsunami 1771 Ryukyu Trench 13,486 Earthquake 1776 July 27 China, Tangshan 255,000 - 655,000 Earthquake 7.4 1780 Iran 200,000 Tsunami 1782 South China Sea 40,000 Earthquake 1783 Italy, Calabria 50,000 February 4 Tsunami 1792 Japan 15,030 Yellow fever 1793 Philadelphia 5,000 Earthquake 8.8 1811-12 Missouri (New Madrid Fault) (September 16 - February 7). Five major earthquakes out of 2000. 12 new lakes. Mississippi flowed backwards. February 7 Volcano 1815 Indonesia, Tambora 92,000-177,000 April 10-15 Cholera Pandemic 1816-1826 Bengal, India, China Unknown Cholera Pandemic 1829-1851 Europe, United States Unknown Cholera 1831 Cairo - London Unknown Cholera 1832 New York 3000, New Orleans 7,340 Cyclone 1839 India 300,000 November 25 Famine 1846 - 50 Ireland 1 million Cholera 1848 New York 5,000 Cholera Pandemic 1852-1860 Russia 1,000,000+ Yellow Fever 1853 New Orleans 7,790 Cyclone 1864 Calcutta, India 60,000 Ship Wreck 1865 Sultana 1547 Riverboat boiler explosion carried soldiers from the war Cholera Pandemic 1863-1875 Europe and Africa Unknown Yellow Fever 1867 New Orleans 3,093 Tsunami 1868 Chile 25,674 Smallpox 1870-71 France 500,000 Cyclone 1876 Backerganj, Bangladesh 200,000 Yellow Fever 1878 Mississippi Valley 13,000 Typhoon 1881 Haiphong, Vietnam 300,000 Cyclone 1882 Bombay, India 100,000 (June 6) Volcano, Tsunami 1883 Indonesia, Krakatoa 36,500 August 27 Flood 1887 China, Yellow river September-October 900,000-2,000,000 killed Flood Johnstown 1889 Pennsylvania 2,209 Tsunami 1896 Japan 27,000 Cholera Pandemic 1899-1923 Europe, Russia Unknown Hurricane 1900 Galveston, Texas 8,000 September 8 Ship Wreck 1904 General Slocum 1021 Long Island steam ship. June 15 Earthquake 8.6 1905 India 19,000 Earthquake 8.2 1906 Chile 20,000 Earthquake, fire 1906 San Francisco 3000 225,000 homeless (April 18). Magnitude (7.8-8.25) Meteor 1908 Siberia, Tunguska (June 30) Flattened an area 2000 square Km Earthquake 7.2 1908 Italy, Messina 70,000 December 28. Tsunami Earthquake 1911 Mexico City   Flood 1911 China, Yangtze river 100,000 Ship Wreck 1912 Titanic 2224 Collides with an iceberg April 15 Ship Wreck 1914 Empress of Ireland 1012 On the St. Lawrence river after a collision May 19 Ship Wreck 1915 Lusitania 1198 Passenger ship hit by a German torpedo May 17 Ship Wreck 1915 Eastland 800 July 24, sunk while docked in Chicago Earthquake 7.5 1915 Italy 29,980 Polio 1916 USA (27,363 cases) 7,000 dead Ship Wreck 1917 Mont Blanc 1963 December 6 Halifax harbor explosion. Three ships involved Influenza 1918 Worldwide 25 million Earthquake 8.2 1920 China, Gansu 240,000 December 26 Typhoon 1922 China, Swatow 60,000 Earthquake 8.3 1923 Japan, Kwanto 143,000 September 1. Great Tokyo fire Tornado 1925 United States 689 3 states of Missouri, Illinois and Indiana, $16 million damage Earthquake 7.9 1927 China, Xining 200,000 May 22 Okeechobee Hurricane 1928 Florida 1,800 Dam Break 1928 Los Angeles (St. Francis Dam) 450 (March 12) Flood 1931 China, Yellow river 3,700,000 July-Nov China's sorrow. 80 million homeless Earthquake 7.6 1932 China 70,000 Earthquake 7.5 1935 May 30 Pakistan, Quetta 30,000- 60,000 Flood 1935 China, Yangtze river 145,000

Disaster Year Location Deaths Air Ship 1937 Hindenburg 35 Lakehurst New Jersey. May 6 Flood 1938 China, Yellow river 500-700,000 Rain 1938 New York 600 Earthquake 8.3 1939 Chile 28,000 Earthquake 7.8 1939 Turkey 30,000 Ship Wreck 1944 Junyo Maru 5620 September 16. Japanese prisoner of war ship torpedoed near Sumatra by a British submarine Ship Wreck 1945 Wilhelm Gustloff 7000-8000 January 30. Civilians and wounded German soldiers torpedoed by a Russian submarine in the Baltic sea Nuclear bomb 1945 Japan 220,000 Hiroshima (140,000) and Nagasaki (80,000) ended World War 2 Earthquake 7.3 1948 Turkmenistan 110,000 October 5 Polio 1949 USA (42,173 cases) 2,720 dead Polio 1952 USA (57,628 cases) 3,300 dead Hurricane 1957 Louisiana 400 Famine 1959 - 61 China 30 million died Cholera Pandemic (El Tor) 1961-1966 Indonesia, Bangladesh, India, USSR Unknown Earthquake 9.5 Tsunami 1960 Chile 2,000 died 2 million homeless. Largest earthquake Earthquake 9.2 and Tsunami 1964 Alaska 100 $350 million damage, March 27. Felt in Houston TX. Anchorage dropped 20 feet Avalanche 1970 Peru 20,000 May 30, 100 miles per hour flow started by earthquake in the sea Earthquake 7.9 1970 Peru 66,000 May 31 Typhoon 1970 Bhola, Bangladesh 500,000 killed, November 13 Flood 1971 North Vietnam, Hanoi and Red river delta 100,000 Dam Break 1972 West Virginia (Buffalo Creek Dam) 125 (February 26) Flood 1974 Bangladesh 28,000 Banqiao Dam Break (Typhoon Nina) 1975 Shimantan Dam, China 231,000 (August 7) Deaths. 86,000 flood, 145,000 disease Earthquake 7.5 1976 Guatemala 23,000 Earthquake 7.5 1976 July 28 China, Tangshan 255,000-655,000 Tsunami 1976 Philippines 8,000 Cyclone 1977 India 10,000 Earthquake 7.8 1978 Iran 15,000 Nuclear 1979 Three Mile Island First in United States Nuclear Dam Break 1979 New Mexico (Church Rock) Nuclear waste water Heatwave 1980 USA 1,250-10,000 Volcano 1982 Mexico 1,800 Chemical Accident 1984 India, Bohpal 8,000 injured 50,000 Earthquake 1985 Mexico 8,000 Nuclear 1986 Chernobyl 30 April 25-26. 135,000 people evacuated, contaminated an area 20 miles wide Heatwave 1987 Mediterranean 1000-1500 Earthquake 6.8 1988 Armenia 25,000 Geomagnetic Storm 1989 Quebec No electricity Tornado 1989 Manikganj, Bangladesh 13,000 Earthquake 7.7 1990 Iran 50,000 June 20 Deforestation 1990 Ethiopia - 90% of forest has been cut down since 1990. 20,000 square kilometers no longer support crops Volcano 1991 Philippines (Mt. Pinatubo) June 15, most violent eruption Cyclone, Tsunami 1991 Bangladesh 138,866 Hurricane Andrew 1992 Florida - 250,000 homeless, $26 billion damage Earthquake 6.2 1993 India 9,748 Famine 1994 Korea 100,000 Forest Fires 1994 Mongolia Burned 1.75 million hectares Earthquake 7.1 1995 Japan, Kobe 5,502 Forest Fires 1995 Brazil Burned 1.75 million hectares Forest Fires 1995 Indonesia Affected 70 million people in 6 countries Heatwave 1995 Chicago 739 Flood 1996 China, Yellow river 3000 killed, 4 million homeless Meningitis 1996 West Africa 25,000 Tsunami 1998 New Guinea 3,000 Floods 1998 China 3,600 Heatwave 1998 India 2,541 Hurricane Mitch 1998 Central America 12,000 killed in 9 countries on October 24 Earthquake 7.6 1999 Turkey 17,118 August 17 Earthquake 7.7 1999 Taiwan 2,297 Rain, mudslide 1999 Venezuela 15,100 Cyclone 1999 India 7,600 Flood 1999 Venezuela 15,000 Forest Fires 2000 Western United States 1.75 million hectares burnt Earthquake 7.7 2001 India 20,023 January 26 Bombing 2001 New York 3,200 Wind 2002 France 300 million trees Earthquake 6.1 2002 Afghanistan 1,000 Earthquake 6.6 2003 Algeria 2,266 May 21 Heatwave 2003 Europe 37,451 Heatwave 2003 India 1,900 Earthquake 6.7 2003 Iran, Bam 41,000 December 26. 90% of city destroyed Earthquake 9.3, and Tsunamis 2004 South East Asia 443,929 December 26. South East Asia, Indian Ocean, Sumatra. Millions displaced in 11 countries. Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Maldives Earthquake 8.7 2005 Sumatra 500 March 28. South East Asia, Indian Ocean, Sumatra. 500+ died on Nias island. 80% of buildings destroyed Hurricane Katrina (5-3) 2005 New Orleans 1,836+ /3000 August 29. 1 million homeless. Cost $81.2 billion Worst USA disaster Earthquake 7.6 2005 South Asia, Pakistan, India 80,240+ October 8. 79,000 dead in Pakistan Earthquake 6.3 2006 Java May 27. 5800 Heatwave 2006 Europe 3,418 Cyclone Nargis (3) 2008 Myanmar 146,000+ May 3. 1 million homeless Earthquake 7.9 2008 Sichuan, China 87,652+ May 12. 5 million homeless Earthquake 6.4 2008 Pakistan 300+ dead October 29. 15,000 homeless Earthquake 7.0 2010 Haiti 230,000+ dead January 12. 2 million homeless. 250,000 injured. 200,000+ amputees. 80% buildings destroyed in Port-au-Prince. Damage estimate is $8 to 14 billion Earthquake 8.8 Tsunami 2010 Chile, Concepcion February 27 800+ dead 2 million homeless 500,000 homes destroyed. Tsunami. 6-10 feet (1.8-3.0 m), 1.2 miles (1.8 km) on land Earth's axis shifted 3 inches (7.62 cm) Cigarette (Annual Deaths) Current United States 420,000 Plus 70,000 from second hand contact Current World 5,016,000 Plus 600,000 from second hand contact Every 8 seconds someone dies from tobacco. In 2005, 10% of Adults die, it will be 17% by 2030. 100,000 children start smoking every day

This does not include many disasters that destroyed property but not many lives.

Increasing Deadly Disasters

Disaster Period (AD) Events by Magnitude Deaths Earthquake Years Dates 6-6.9 7-7.9 8-9.9 - 500 Years   526-999 4 2 745,000 1000-1499 4 6 4 1,707,024 100 Years 1500-1599 1 1 1 870,000 1600-1699 1 7 3 163,350 1700-1799 18 3 6 515,161 1800-1899 20 22 15 146,111 50 Years 1900-1949 61 84 26 979,574 1950-1999? 130 106 14 647,274 10 Years 1980-1989 980 101 4 58,880 1990-1999 1339 147 6 114,646 2000-2009 1443 131 13 465,364 Deaths (  526-1949): USGS and Wiki combined data Deaths (1950-1989): Validating data Deaths (1990-2009): USGS earthquake statistics by decade The first earthquake might have occurred during the exodus between 1500-1460 BC. Moses called it a "new thing" (Numbers 16: 28-35)

Disaster Years Period (AD) Events Deaths Flood 100 1200-1300 1 100,000 400 1301-1700 1 300,000 200 1701-1900 4 943,000 30 1901-1930 6 104,000 10 1931-1940 3 3,900,250 20 1941-1960 10 22,500 10 1961-1970 14 8,600 5 1971-1975 17 6,500 Storms -   -1900 AD 1 400 50 1901-1950 14 64,000 10 1951-1960 2 10,000 10 1961-1970 18 389,000 10 1971-1980 13 4,200 10 1981-1990 10 14,100 10 1991-2000 37 177,000 Volcano -     -100 AD 1 16,000 100 1401-1500 1 10,000 200 1501-1700 1 4,000 100 1701-1800 3 26,850 100 1801-1900 2 128,000 50 1901-1950 5 38,400 40 1951-1991 6 30,500

Scientists claim that there is no increase in earthquakes. Since the western hemisphere has just been recently occupied and since global records have not been kept we cannot prove how frequent or deadly past earthquakes have been. However, we can demonstrate that the number of deadly earthquakes have increased within the past forty years and the number of other natural disasters have increased rapidly since 1991. As population increases the number of deaths increase from natural disasters. However, new technology, early warning systems and building codes have limited the deaths.

• Flood. These are deadlier because of increasing population in poor delta and coastal regions.
• Hurricanes and Cyclones. These have increased since 1991, mostly affecting poor Asian countries along the coast.
• Tornadoes. They occur mostly in the United States where there are about 750 tornadoes each year with 100 deaths. The number of tornadoes have increased since 2004.
• Volcanoes. The number reported has increased since 1700, probably because of colonial empires expanding into new territories.
• Earthquakes. Building technology has reduced the disaster and more seismic instruments have recorded more earthquakes, but there is an increase since 1900. However, it seems as if the south Pacific region near Vanuatu is prone to frequent great earthquakes. Japan and Indonesia are also plagued with large earthquakes.

Inventions and Discoveries: An Increase of knowledge

5800 Years 1790 1798 1800 Time of the End (200 Years) End of Time Walk Lamp, wood Bow, arrow, sword Pigeon Today

But you, O Daniel, shut up the words and seal the book even to the time of the end. Many shall run to and fro and knowledge shall be increased. (Daniel 12: 4)
Prophecy describes a period known as "the time of the end". It can be positively identified by several converging trends including an increase in knowledge, escalating natural disasters, the fall of the church and people "running to and fro". Here we summarize the revolution of knowledge.

Prophetic Footprints
Knowledge increases Disasters increase

The number of inventions increased drastically after the printing of the Bible. The late nineteenth century introduced many inventions that helped the technological age. It is impossible to list all the inventions made since 1800, but compared to previous centuries there are hundreds of times more.
Prior to 1000 BC there were about three significant events in 3000 years.
Then there were approximately eight during the next 2000 years and ten during the next 800 years.
After 1800 there were about 45 significant inventions and discoveries in 200 years and thousands of others in the medical, information and electronic fields.

5800 Years of Inventions (4000 BC - 1790 AD) Invention Inventor Year Needle, thread - 13000BC Fire - 8000 BC Bricks - 8000 BC Domesticated plants, animals - 8000 BC Pottery West Asia 6500 BC Weaving, loom - 6000 BC No Events Should be Older than ˜4000 BC Earth, Universe God (YHWH) 4004 BC Wheel Mesopotamia 4000 BC Chariot (2 wheel) Sumeria 3500 BC Abacus Chinese 3000 BC Homing pigeon Egyptians, Persians 3000 BC Flood Noah 2600 BC Papyrus Egypt 2400 BC Periodic Table Moses' model of the sanctuary in the Torah 1500 BC Particle Physics 1500 BC DNA Model 1500 BC Steel, iron smelting Hittites 1400 BC Transportation. Feet, horse, wheel, chariot, cart, elephant, camel, boat, sail Babylonian Inventions. Metal working (copper), glass making, lamp making, textile weaving Agriculture. Flood control, water storage, irrigation, three field rotation Flush toilet Crete. King Minos 800 BC Sundial - 700 BC Coins Greeks 650 BC Cast iron Chinese 512 BC Catapult Greeks 400 BC Appian Way First Roman road 312 BC Aqua Appia First Roman aqueduct 312 BC Archimedes screw and lever Archimedes 210 BC Latitude and Longitude grid Eratosthenes 200 BC Communication. Clay tablets, stele, papyrus (2600 BC), ink (2000 BC), scrolls, palm leaf manuscript, leather, velum, drums, smoke signals, bells, ram's horn, carrier pigeon (3000 BC), book binding (21 BC), books, wood block printing (400), printing (1450), electronic media Weapons. Stone, club, axe, sling, blowgun, dart, knife, spear, flail, catapult, battering ram, Greek fire Lead glazing Chinese 206 BC Astrolabe Hipparchus 150s BC Monsoon Winds Hippalus 150 BC Glass blowing Syria, Babylon 100 BC Lime plaster Etruscans 8 BC Electrotherapy pain relief (Torpedo eel) Romans 100 AD Paper Tsai Lun (China) 105 AD Horseshoes Germany 200s Life Insurance Romans 230 Stirrups Avars, China 300 AD Saddle Avars, Sarmatians 365 AD Carbonized iron Vikings 500's AD Porcelain Chinese 600's AD Windmill Persia. Europe (1180) 644 AD Greek fire Greece 674 AD Quadrant Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi 800-850 Anaesthesia Abu al-Qasim 1000 Gunpowder China (weak formula) 1000 Damascus steel India (wootz steel) 1100's Arabic numerals in western finance Fibonacci 1200 Gunpowder Roger Bacon (European) 1249 Spinning Wheel Europe 1300 Mechanical clock Italy 1335 Credit Venice, Italy. Medici Bank 1390 Middle Age Inventions. Silk, spectacles, clock, hourglass, paper, sun dial, compass, astrolabe, oar, rudder, mill, wind mill, wheelbarrow, horse shoes, stirrups, bit and bridle. Agriculture. Manure, oxen and horses, hand sowing, hoe, sickle, flail, wooden plow Sanitation. Out house, chamber pots, open sewers, rotting garbage, flies, vermin Weapons. Gunpowder, cannon, lance, longbow, crossbow, flail, chain mail, armor. Weapons: Hand grenade (1044), cannon (1128), land mine (1277), revolver (1835), repeating rifle (1860), Gatling gun (1862), machine gun (1885), Important Discoveries Printing press Johannes Gutenberg 1450★ Solar System Nicholas Copernicus 1450 Bible printed 200 copies of the Bible printed by August 15, 1456 1456 Bonds Florence, Italy 1464 Trade Winds Christopher Columbus? 1480's America Christopher Columbus 1492 Stock Market Amsterdam 1602 Refracting Telescope Hans Lippershey 1608 Trading Shares Amsterdam 1610 Circulatory System William Harvey 1616 Steam turbine Giovanni Branca 1629★ Adding machine Blaise Pascal 1642 Barometer Evangelista Torricelli 1644 Calculus Isaac Newton 1666 Microscope Netherlands 1674 Mechanics, Gravity, Light, Calculus Isaac Newton "Principia Mathematica" 1687★ Piano Bartolomeo Cristofori 1700 Iron Smelting Abraham Darby 1709 Thermometer Gabriel Fahrenheit 1714 Public Bank Notes, trading John Law, France. Mississippi Company 1716 Marine Chronometer (H1) John Harrison 1735 Longitude measurement Sewing machine Charles T. Wiesenthal 1755 Steam engine James Watt 1769 Photosynthesis Priestley and Ingenhousz 1772 Tobacco snuff linked to cancer of the nasal passage 1781 *** The French Revolution (1789) *** Knowledge Increases 100 Years of Inventions (1790 - 1899) Invention Inventor Year Agriculture. Cradle and scythe, cotton gin (1793), cast iron plow (1797), mechanical harvester (1831), reaper (1834), steel plow (1837), grain elevator (1842), mower (1844), irrigation (1847), chemical fertilizer (1849), horse power (1862-75), barbed wire (1874), milking machine (1879), plant hybridization, selective breeding, four field crop rotation, chemical fertilizer and pesticides Food. Salt, smoking, drying, ferment, canning (1810), pasteurization (1862), baby formula (1867), saccharine (1879), coca cola (1886), corn flakes (1894) Religious Knowledge (1800's). Interest and knowledge in the prophecies increased causing the great advent awakening. Manuel de Lacunza in South America, Dr. Joseph Wolfe in Europe and Asia, Edward Irving of England, Johann Bengel of Germany and William Miller in the United States. Children in Sweden, Denmark and Norway. 300 ministers in the Church of England and 600 nonconformist ministers preached the Second Coming in England. 2001. Information about Christ in the Old Testament 2008. Evidence of modern science in the Old Testament Transportation, Construction, Energy and Communication Discoveries Vaccination Edward Jenner 1796★ Smallpox Vaccine Edward Jenner 1798 Vaccines. Smallpox (1798), Rabies (1885), Plague (1897), Cholera, Typhoid (1917), Diphtheria (1923), Pertussis (1926), Tuberculosis, Tetanus (1927), Yellow Fever (1935), influenza (1945), DTP (1949), polio (1955), measles (1963), Mumps (1967), Rubella (1969), Anthrax (1970), MMR (1971), Swine Flu (1976), Fluzone (1978) Battery Alessandro Volta 1800 Locomotive Train Richard Trevithick 1804 Refrigerator Oliver Evans 1805 Base ball. In 1806, the Nez Perce taught the Lewis and Clark group a stick and ball game called "base" Steam Boat Robert Fulton 1807 Locomotive Steam Engine George Stephenson 1814 Stethoscope Theophile Laennec 1816 Stock exchange Wall Street, New York 1817 Portland cement Joseph Aspdin 1820 Waterproofing Charles Mackintosh 1821 Thermodynamics Sadi Carnot 1824 Matches John Walker 1827 Steam Locomotive Train George Stephenson 1829 Transportation. Astrolabe (150BC), quadrant (800), Trade winds discovered (1400's), longitude (1737), submarine (1775), hot air balloon (1783), train (1804), steam boat (1809), Stockton-Darlington railway (25), steam locomotive (29), bus (57), pedal bicycle (61), London subway (63), motorcycle (69), transcontinental railroad (69), Suez canal (69), air brake (69), lubrication system (72), internal combustion engine (76), pneumatic tire (87), car (89), Panama Canal (89), diesel engine (1892) Typewriter William Austin Burt 1829 Electromagnetic induction Michael Faraday 1831 Steel plow John Deere 1837 Telegraph Samuel Morse 1837 Communication. Telegraph (1837), shorthand (37), fax (43), Atlantic cable (58), pony express (60), transcontinental telegraph line (61), telephone (1876), switchboard (1877), quill pen and ink Vulcanization Goodyear 1839 Type-revolving press Robert Hoe 1840 Paper (wood pulp) F. G. Keller 1840 Morse code Samuel Morse 1840 Fax Machine Alexander Bain 1843 Baseball Alexander Cartwright 1845 Department store Marble Palace, New York 1846 Ether, surgical anesthetic Massachusetts General Hospital 1846 Blue Jeans Levi Strauss 1848 Chewing gum John Curtis 1848 Nursing Florence Nightingale 1852 Elevator Elisha Graves Otis 1852 Bessemer furnace Henry Bessemer 1852 Bus George Pullman 1857 Can opener Ezra Warner 1858 Fossil Fuel Titusville Pennsylvania well 1859★ Evolution Theory Charles Darwin 1859 Atomic Weights First International Congress of Chemistry 1860 Pedal bicycle Ernest Michaux 1861 Pasteurization Louis Pasteur (April 20) 1862★ Morril Land Grant Act Jonathan Baldwin Turner Justin Smith Morril 1862★ July 7 76 colleges and universities are funded by this law Genetics Gregor Mendel 1863 Antiseptic Joseph Lister 1865★ Bacteria (cholera, tubercolosis) Robert Koch 1865 Sanitation. Tooth paste (300), toilet paper (589), toothbrush (610), under arm deodorant (857), cotton clothes (washable), flushing toilet (1596), sewer systems (1800's), indoor plumbing (1829-40), packaged toilet paper (1857), hand washing (1865), modern toilet (1910) Medical. Four humors, blood letting (<460 BC-1875), barbers, doctors, leeches (1025), ambulance (1792), vaccination (1796), anesthetic (1842, 46), nursing (1852), pasteurization and germ theory (1862), antiseptic (1865), hand washing (1865), EKG (1887), X-Ray (1895), Aspirin (1897) Textiles and Materials. Clay, metal, wax, leather, skins, wool, cotton, waterproofing (1821), vulcanization (1839), thermoplastic (1869), Viscose (1892) Baby formula Henry Nestlé 1867 Dynamite Alfred Nobel 1867 QWERTY keyboard Christopher Sholes 1868 Celluloid plastic John Hyatt 1869 Periodic Table Dmitri Mendeleev 1869★ Chemistry. Only seven of 86 metals are known by the ancients: Gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead, mercury Alchemy (?-1778), Lavoisier's Table of Simple Substances (1789), Dalton's Elements (1808) (36 elements), Johann Dobereiner's Triads (1780-1849), Telluric Helix or Screw (1862), Newlands' Octaves 1864 (First "Periodic table"), Mendeleev's Tables 1869, Meyer's Periodic Table 1870, Moseley's Periodic Law, Modern periodic table (1914) Transcontinental railroad Union and Central Pacific 1869 "Weekly" magazine promotes free love Victoria Woodhull 1870 Mitosis Anton Schneider 1873 DDT Othmar Zeider 1874 Fertilization Oscar Hertwig 1875 Linotype Ottmar Mergenthaler 1875 The director of the patent office resigned saying "there is nothing else to invent". 1875 Telephone Alexander Graham Bell 1876★ Sound recording Thomas Alva Edison 1877★ Light bulb Thomas Alva Edison 1879 Electrical Power Edison (Menlo Park) 1879★ Light and Energy. Sun, moon, wood, dried dung, coal, wax, whale oil, camphene, coke, kerosene (1853), lantern. Electromagnetic induction (1831), Demonstration at Menlo Park (1879), power station (82), AC electricity (88), Electromagnetic theory of light (89), hydroelectric dam (90) Forensic. Polarizing light microscope (1828), blood test (1863), fingerprinting (1880), bullet comparison (1898) United States. In 1879 the United States was a third rate power. Then the inventions and new consumer products and the collapse of European monarchies after World War 1 in 1918, catapulted it to super power status Saccharine Constantin Fahlberg 1879 Internal combustion engine Gottleb Daimler Karl Benz, cars (1885) 1880 American Red Cross Clara Barton 1881 Hydroelectric power plant Appleton, Wisconsin 1882 Machine gun Hiram Maxim 1883 Cash register James Ritty 1884 Film George Eastman 1884 Coca Cola Dr. John S. Pemberton 1885 10 story building Chicago (Iron frame) 1885 Dishwasher Josephine Cochrane 1886 Meiosis August Weismann 1887 Camera George Eastman 1888 Electric AC Motor Nikola Tesla 1888 Automobile Karl Benz 1889★ Theory of Light, Electromagnetic Heinrich Hertz 1889 Hydroelectric dam Great Falls, Montana 1890 Antibodies Emil von Behring 1890 Punched card machine Herman Hollerith 1890 Escalator Jesse Reno 1891 Fingerprints Sir Francis Galton 1892 Ferris wheel George Ferris 1893 Hormone George Oliver and Eduard Albert Sharpey-Schaeffer 1894 Rigid air ship David Schwarz 1895 X-rays Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen 1895 Wireless telegraph Guglielmo Marconi 1895★	100 Years of Inventions (1900 - 2008) Invention Inventor Year Ground Pollution! 120,000 horses produce 2.4 million pounds (1,088,633 kg) of manure every day in New York. Automobiles stop pollution! 1900 There is more to invent! 16,000 patents were filed in 1901 1901 Peanuts, pecans, sweet potatoes, soy George Washington Carver 1900-10 325 uses for peanuts and hundreds of uses for other crops: Paint, dye, stains, linoleum, glue, rubber, glycerine, insecticide, hand lotion, gasoline, diesel, nitroglycerine Food. Refrigerator (11), frozen foods (30), tupperware (42), saran wrap (54), milk carton (54), TV dinners (54), McDonald's (55), food processor (71), HFC (70?), freeze drying (76), push through tab (80), veggie patty (81), olestra (96) Agriculture. Haber process (1908), hybrid corn (33), automatic hay baler (36), tractor replaces horse (45), hydroponics (19??), genetic engineering (1994), cloning Processes. Assembly line, Haber (08), robotics (56) Consumer Products and Business Systems Zeppelin Ferdinand Zeppelin 1900 Blood Groups Karl Landsteiner 1900 Forensic. Blood groups and type stain (1900), bullet identification (1910), polygraph (21), luminol (37), Rh blood group (40), voiceprint identification (41), superglue fuming latent print (77), RFLP DNA finger printing (84), PCR (86), IBIS (91), STR DNA (92), AFIS (96), NIDIS (98), laser lights, SKP latent printing (2000) Fingerprint card and magnifying glass method examines 10 fingerprints in 8 hours. While AFIS can examine millions of prints in 15 minutes by long distance Radio signals Marconi (December 12) 1901♣ Air conditioner Willis Carrier 1902 Airplane Wilbur and Orville Wright 1903♣ Electric plug, socket Harvey Hubbell 1903 Tractor Benjamin Holt 1904 Vacuum tube John Ambrose Fleming, Lee de Forest 1904-06 Physics Theories Albert Einstein 1905 Physics. Gravity (1666), Newtonian laws of motion (1687), leyden jar (1745), thermodynamics, electromagnetism, electromagnetic induction (1831), Einstein's theories miracle year (E=MC2, special relativity, photon, Brownian motion, quantum mechanics, mass-energy) (1905), Absolute zero (1911), super conductors (11), protons and electrons (12), atom (13), de Broglie waves (23), neutron (35), super conductors, quark (62), Color photography Auguste and Louis Lumiere 1907 Plastic (bakelite) Leo Baekeland 1907 Textiles and Materials. Safety glass (1903), rayon (04), bakelite (07), superconductors (11), Pyrex (15), stainless steel (16), cellophane (26), neoprene (1930), nylon (35), lucite (37), plexiglass (37), teflon (38), synthetic rubber, PVC and polyethylene (20-45), saran (42), dacron (48), velcro (48), fiberglass (50), styrofoam (51), super glue (51), non-stick pan (54), optic fiber (55), synthetic diamonds (55), lycra (58), acrylic paint (64), permanent press fabric (64), nitinol (65), astroturf (65), fiber optics (66), corlan (69), sialon (72), kevlar (73), nanotechnology (74), integrated photoreceiver [fiberoptics] (80), fullerenes (85), ceramic super conductors (86), shape memory polymer (95), metallic hydrogen (96), sound proofing Haber process Fritz Haber 1908 Greenhouse Effect Svante Arrhenius 1908 Talking motion picture Thomas Edison 1910 Refrigerator, modern French monk 1911 Nucleus,electrons Ernest Rutherford 1911♣ Bra Mary Phelps Jacob 1913 Mass production Henry Ford 1913 Transportation. Chariot (2600 BC), zeppelin (1900), escalator (1900), windshield wipers (03), New York subway (04), tractor (04), Ford Model-T (08), robot (21), traffic signal (23), liquid-fueled rocket (26), jet engine (30), parking meter (32), radar (35), helicopter (39), Transatlantic air service (39), jeep (40), Pasadena freeway (40), power steering (51), radial tires (53), snowmobile (59), spacecraft (61), telstar (62), bullet train (64), electronic fuel injection (66), concorde (69), space shuttle (81), doppler radar (88), Chunnel (94), maglev train (99), Segway (2001) National Birth Control League Margaret Sanger 1916 United States Population (1920). 60,000 homes had radios. 80% had no indoor plumbing. Most had no electricity and were below a 6th grade education by 1933 Lie Detector John Larson 1921 Cellophane Dupont 1926 Television Philo Farnsworth 1927♣ Penicillin Alexander Fleming 1928♣ In 1900, 30.4% of all deaths occurred among children under 5 years old. Pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhea, enteritis and diphtheria caused one third of all deaths. Mass immunization programs began in the 1920s Medical. Band-aid (1920), insulin (22), iron lung (27), antibiotics penicillin (28), EEG (29), synthetic cortisone (44), blood bank (44), kidney dialysis (44), vaccination programs (48), oral contraceptives (54), tetracycline (55), pacemaker (57), valium (61), polio vaccine (57), birth control pill (60), gene splicing (73), CT scanner (73), liposuction (74), MRI (77), cochlear implant (78), ultrasound (79), hepatitis-B vaccine (80), RU-486 (80), human growth hormone (82), artificial heart (82), synthetic skin (86), disposable contact lenses (87), RU-486 (88), prozac (88), intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) (89), viagra (97), tissue generation (2004), BCI (2005), artificial pancreas (2008), MEG (2010) Jet Engine Frank Whittle, Dr Hans von Ohain 1930 Scotch tape 3M 1930 Frozen food Clarence Birdseye 1930 Radios are in two of five U.S. homes (40%) 1931 Radio telescope Karl Jansky 1932 Hybrid corn United States 1933 Abortion (Instillation) Eugen Aburel 1934 Magnetic tape BASF, AEG 1935 Radar Robert Watson-Watt 1935 Chocolate Chip Cookie Ruth Wakefield 1939 Soy Bean Commercial uses Henry Ford 1930s Percy Lavon Julian 1936 Steroid Chemistry 1940s Consumer Products. Vacuum cleaner (01), air conditioner (02), color photography (07), flashlight (10), radio (16), short wave radio (19), pop-up toaster (19), hair dryer (20), polygraph machine (21), bubble gum, sliced bread (28), polystyrene (30), fm radio (33), nylon (35), disposable diapers, microwave oven (46), velcro (48), video tape recorder (51), remote control (55), smoke alarm (74), satellite radio (2001) Television broadcast Germany (35), Britain (36), United States (39) 1935-39 Ball point pen Ladislo Biro 1938 Helicopter Igor Sikorsky 1939 Computers and Electronic Systems Turing Machine Alan Mathison Turing 1940 Nuclear reaction Enrico Fermi 1942 Programmable Computer (Mark 1) Howard H. Aiken 1944♣ Electronic Computer (ENIAC) John Mauchley and J. Presper Eckert 1945 Atomic Bomb United States 1945 Weapons: Parachute (1913), tank (14), cruise missile (17), sonar (06, 17), RADAR (35), bazooka rocket gun (42), nuclear weapon (45), fusion bomb (52), Atomic bomb, hydrogen bomb, neutron bomb, salted bomb, fighter jets, B-52, helicopter, GPS, C4, rockets (50's), AK-47, satellites, X-Band radar, ICBM, aircraft carriers, jeep, hummer, nuclear submarines, star wars missile defense, bullet proof vest, armor-piercing bullets, land mines, grenade, tank, chemical weapons, biological weapons, radiological weapons, JDAM, Tomahawk cruise missile (91), daisy cutter bomb, bunker buster bomb, unmanned drone, cyber warfare Microwave oven Percy Spencer 1945 Genetic recombination Lederberg and Tatum 1946 Disposable diaper Marion Donovan 1946 Transistor Bardeen, Brattain and William Shockley 1947 Cell phones AT&T 1947,79 Hologram Dennis Gabor 1947 Copy machines Chester Carlson 1948 RFID Harry Stockman 1948 Fertilizes human egg in a test tube John Rock 1948 (DTP). Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis vaccine 1949 Credit card (Diner's club) - Ralph Schneider 1920's 1950 Finance. Barter, shells (1200 BC), salt, precious metals, coins (650 BC), bread, paper money (806), piggy banks, Arabic numerals (1200), currency trading, banks and credit (1390), bonds (1460+), rum, checks (1500), Stocks and Stock Market (1602-05), trading shares (1610), bank notes (1716), printed check (1762), traveller's check (1891), credit union (1909), consumer credit (1921), world bank and IMF (45), credit card (1950), bar code (52), computer (60's), ATM (69), consumer debt financing (84), overdraft fees (89), debit card, Internet, paypal (98) Influence and create values Television 1950's Color television Peter Carl Goldmark 1950 Sperm bank University of Iowa 1950 Hydrogen Bomb Edward Teller and team 1952 Computer Compiler Grace Hopper 1952 Sex change George Jorgenson 1952 DNA structure Watson and Crick 1953 Playboy magazine Hugh Hefner 1953 Sperm bank baby Scientists 1953 RAM (memory) UNIVAC 1103 by Remington Rand 1953 Nuclear Power Plant Obninsk, Russia 1954 Polio vaccine Jonas Salk (April 12) 1955 Music. Piano (1700), saxophone (1841), phonautograph (1860), phonograph (1875), Microphone (1877), Gramophone (1887), Hi-Fi Sound Recording (1924), Magnetic Tape (1927), Tape Recorder (1935), Video Tape Recorder (1956), Long Playing Record (1948), dolby (1965), CD (1976), Sony Walkman (1979), VOIP (1998), MP3 (1998), iPod (2001) Telecommunications Semi conductor transistors replace vacuum tubes Silicon Transistor (TRADIC) J. H. Felker (Bell Lab) 1955♣ Transatlantic cable USA to Europe 1956 DNA Replication Meselson and Stahl 1957 Hydrogen bomb USA at Bikini Atoll 1956 Satellite (Sputnik 1) Soviet Union 1957 FORTRAN Jim Backus (IBM) 1958 Abortion (Vacuum Aspiration) Dr Yuantai Wu, Dr Xianzhen Wu in China 1958 Abortion: D&C (late 19c), Instillation (1934), Vacuum Aspiration (1958), D&E (1970s), Menstrual Extraction (1971), Intact D&E (1983), RU-486 (1988), Misoprostol Laser Gordon Gould 1958 Integrated circuit Jack Kilby, Robert Noyce 1959 Laser Theodore Maiman 1960 Communications satellite (Echo 1) United States 1960♣ Birth control pill Gregory Pincus 1960 Robot (UNIMATE) General Motors 1961 Book: Sex and the single girl Helen Gurley Brown 1962 Telecommunications satellite (Telstar) United States 1962 Operating System (OS/360) IBM 1964 Nutrasweet James Schlatter 1965 Summer of Love San Francisco hippies 1966 RAM memory Robert Dennard 1968 Oil Prudhoe Bay, Alaska 1968 Energy (Oil Discoveries): Pennsylvania (1859), oil tanker (1886), Texas (1901), Gas Station (1905), Iran (08), Iraq (25), Saudi Arabia (38), Gulf of Mexico (47), Alaska (68), horizontal drill (72). Light (Electricity): Hydroelectric power plant (1882), plug and socket (1904), nuclear power (51), solar cell (54), solar power plant (2005), Bloom Box Generator (2010) 200 million TVs in the world. 78 million in USA 1968 Operating System (Unix) United States 1969 ATM USA 1969 Gay liberation movement Sylvia Rivera (New York) 1969 Woodstock festival 300,000 youth 1969 Moon Landing America 1969 Relational database Dr. Edgar Frank Codd 1970 (MMR). Measles, Mumps and Rubella vaccine 1971 Abortion (Menstrual Extraction) Downer and Rothman 1971 GPS United States military 1972 Biotechnology Gene splicing Paul Berg, Herbert Boyer, Stanley Cohen 1972 Operating System (CP/M) Dr. Gary Kindall 1973 Internet Vinton Cerf (USA) 1973♣ Abortion (USA) Abortion is legalized 1973 Gene Splicing with agrobacterium tumefaciens Jozef Schell, Marc Van Montagu (Ghent) 1974 Mary-Dell Chilton 1976 Personal computer Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak 1976 Modem Dennis C. Hayes 1977 Rapid DNA sequencing Allan Maxam, Walter Gilbert, Frederik Sanger 1977 Test tube baby Britain 1978 Compact Disk (CD) Joop Sinjou and Toshi tada Doi 1979 Scanning Tunneling Microscope Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer 1981 Atomic Force Microscope Gerd Binnig, Christoph Gerber, Calvin Quate 1981 Space shuttle United States 1981 Hardware: Rock, clay, skins, paper (105), quill pen and ink (700), pencil (1565), slide rule (1622), chalk and blackboard, typewriter (1829), photocopier (1937), Computer (1945), CD (65), microprocessor, mouse (68), RS-232 (69), bar code scanner (69), VCR (71), daisy wheel (70), dot-matrix (71), laser (75), ink jet (76), modem (77), camera, Cray super computer (79), cellular phone (79), IBM PC (81), Apple Macintosh, DVD (95), USB (96), blogs (97), MP3, iPod (2001), iPhone (2007), G1 (2008), iPad (2010) Software: Fortran (58), TCP/IP, Word processor (72), e-mail (72), ethernet (73), spreadsheet (78), HDTV (89), Apple Lisa (83), GUI interface, domain name server (84), world wide web (91), Mosaic Web browser (93), Yahoo (94), Windows 95, Google (98), WiFi, iTunes (2001), Wikipedia (2001) Operating System (MS-DOS) Microsoft 1981 GE vaccine ARS 1981 GE Insulin Genentech 1982 Abortion (Intact D&E) Dr. James McMahon 1983 Consumer debt traps Shailesh Mertha (Providian Financials) 1984 RFLP DNA Test Alec Jeffreys 1984 GE pig (SMGT), chicken, goat, sheep - 1984 GE Tobacco EPA approved 1986 Nanotechnology Eric Drexler 1986 Gene Gun John Sanford (Cornell) 1987 Chromosome transplant ARS 1987 Polymerase Chain Reaction Kary Mullis 1988 RU-486 Roussel Uclaf, France 1988 Overdraft loans Bill Strunk 1989 HDTV - 1989 HTTP and HTML Tim Berners-Lee 1990 Genome Project NIH and DOE 1990 STR DNA Test Thomas Caskey 1992 Flavr Savr tomato Calgene Inc 1994 GE corn, cotton EPA approved 1995 Cloned sheep Ian Wilmut 1997 Viagra Pfizer, Inc 1998 Terminator Seed Delta and Pine Land Co. 1998 Traitor Seed - 199? Internet Porn Internet globalized 1998 PayPal Levchin and Thiel 1998 Brain Computer Interface (BCI) Wadsworth Center, Jonathan R. Wolpaw 2005 BCI Implant Andy Schwartz 200? e-reader (Kindle) Amazon.com 2007 iPhone Apple 2007 Large Hadron Collider (17 miles) International group 2008 Flibanserin Boehringer Ingelheim 2009 Bionic Fingers Touch Bionics 2009 3D-HD TV Panasonic 2010 Products of the sexual revolution and the value of life Communication. Rotary dial (1876), radio (1902), stereo (33), comic books (33), radar (35), television broadcast (35-39), ballpoint pen (38), color television (51), Europe-USA telephone cable (56), telex (58), fountain pen refill cartridge (60), touch tone or push-button (63), postal zip codes (63), cable TV (64), packet switching (60s), satellite (65), magnetic stripe credit card (68), e-mail (72), GPS (72), OCR (74), text-to-speech (76), fiberoptics (80), cell phone (83), fiberoptics long distance (88), digital answering machine (91), Internet (98), microprocessor, Brain Computer Interface (99), social networking: Myspace (2003), Facebook (2003), YouTube (2005), Twitter (2006), ebook (2007), SETI's Allen Telescope Array (2007)
Revolutionary Discoveries, Networks and Infrastructure Public Service Infrastructure Year Water and Sewer Health 1829 Oil Energy ★ 1859 Science Basic Science 1860 Universities Education 1862 Agriculture Health, food production 1862 Medicine Health and hygiene 1865 Telephone Communication 1876 Electrical Grid Energy 1879 Automobile Transportation 1889 Banking Finance (Public) 1891 Wireless Communication 1895 Radio Communication ♣ 1902 Television Communication 1935 Roads, Highways Transportation 1940 Computer Information 1944 Satellite Communication, global 1965 GPS Communication, global 1972 Internet Information, global 1998 ★ Early Technology. Notice that all the critical inventions are due to unrelated technologies which were "discovered" within 30 - 35 years. They must have been inspired by God. ♣ Late Technology. Communications to spread Gospel Progress depends on a wide distribution of: » Energy. A cheap, versatile, reliable source. » Infrastructure. Dispersion system. » Transportation. Mobility, infrastructure. » Communication. Long distance, wireless, instant. » Information Systems. Data storage and retrieval. » Medicine. A healthy work force » Education. Relevant knowledge. Public schools. » Financing. Money or supporters » Market. A need must exist or be made for the product.
Over 100,000 patents are required for the modern car	Genetic Engineering (GE)

Simply by listing the major types of inventions, I have demonstrated that knowledge has suddenly increased exponentially since the 1800's.
After the flood, God confounded speech and disrupted communications and scattered tribes for over 3700 years. Now, at the end of time, the ultimate goal for all technology seems to be to restore global communications as He gathers all the tribes of the Earth for one final showdown.

Navigation (Stars) Measuring Altitude. The astrolabe and quadrant were used to measure the altitude of Polaris or the sun in relation to the horizon. Measuring the altitude in degrees was the same as the degrees of latitude above the equator. ★ » Polaris (North Star). It marks the north pole. » Other Stars. The altitude of a star of known declination was measured when it was on the meridian at night. » Noon Day Sun. It marks the meridian which identifies due north and south. Near the equator, navigators rely on the sun to determine latitude because Polaris is below the horizon. They measured the angle of the sun at its zenith Measuring Declination (Almanac). A chart was used to find the declination for a particular date. Latitude = 90º - altitude + declination

Old World Technology: The Evolution of Travel
Although technology allowed travel and exploration to expand greatly, yet other knowledge had to be acquired first so that the fear of the unknown would no longer prevent exploration.

• Navigation Technology. Sailing ships used the north star, noon day sun, the quadrant, astrolable, star lists and an almanac to guide them by calculating latitude. When they were at the correct latitude they would sail due east or west to reach their destination. They would basically travel in 90º squares like Pac man because they could not measure longitude.
  » Solar Navigation. Sun dial, bearing circle, sun shadow board, sun stone (works on cloudy days), semi wheel, sun compass are other navigational devices based on the position of the sun which were used for sailing and agriculture. A bearing dial was based on knowing the position of the sun at sunrise and sunset and looking at the shadow made by a vertical pin.
  » Other Stellar Clocks. Megaliths or gnomons mapped the cycles and positions of the sun, moon and the solstices. Sometimes entire building complexes were used to capture these changes.
• The Flat Earth. Before 1450, nearly everyone thought that the earth was flat and the sun, stars and the moon were on wheels. They believed that the earth was the center of all stars which were stuck in a giant awning that covered the earth. Then astronomer Nicholas Copernicus proved that the sun was the center of the solar system and that the sun, earth and the moon were all shaped like round balls.
  » Myths and Misconceptions. Many of these beliefs can be traced to Bible symbols.
  • Earth is the Center of the Universe. The Sun is the center of our galaxy and earth is one of the planets that orbit the Sun. Actually, because of sin, earth has become the central focus of the universe. When sin is eradicated God will move His physical headquarters to the earth. There will no longer be any darkness or night and the light of the sun will be unable to outshine His brightness, so the earth itself will be like a sun. Earth lost its central place but that will be restored. So there is more correct with their beliefs than there is error. Perhaps, within all galaxies earth is the physical center as well as the administrative and emotional center of everything.
  • Stars Hung on a Canopy. God does describe the heavens as a tent curtain. Astronomers are now finding magnetic forces that look like braided rope and they believe that space is supported by something they call plasma.

    Navigation (Quadrant) A metal plate in the shape of a quarter circle with a string and a weight that was used to measure Polaris' altitude or angle above the horizon. A quadrant, octant or sextant measures latitude.

  • Dragons in the Sea. Bible symbols describe the wicked as a "raging sea" and that Satan is like a serpent who lives in the sea and was confined there after he was cast down to the earth. It suggests that if Satan must have a physical place to live like any other created being, that God has confined him to the bottom of the sea. However, since he can visit and influence humans, he has an invisible physical form to which he is temporarily confined. This explains why we know more about space than we do about our oceans. Evil may lurk there, unseen.
  • Other Realities. They explained other unknowns according to these symbols.
  So these symbols are neither inaccurate or unscientific. They are God's way of explaining the structure of the universe by analogy to minds that are the equivalent of children about concepts bigger than our image of the universe.

  Navigation (Astrolabe) Astrolabes were used up to 1650. They are circular devices with three concentric rings divided into twelve pie shaped sections. It allowed certain stars to be associated with each month and could be used for a guide to latitude. » North. Cancer, Leo and Ursa major. » Center. Pisces, Aries, Taurus and the Pleiades. » South. Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn and Aquarius. The measurement of longitude was not discovered until 1737.

• Infrastructure and Trade Routes. Exploration opened up land and sea trade routes. The Portuguese discovery of the trade route around Africa's Cape of Good Hope in 1486 opened up another route to India from Europe. The Suez Canal connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean in 1869 and opened a more direct route from Europe to south east Asia. The Panama canal officially opened on 12 July 1920, joining the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
• Maps. Cartographers needed an accurate map of the world. In the early sixteenth century the view of the world was a combination of stories and myths. The Arabians thought that the Indian Ocean extended back to the western coast of the continent. Spanish and Portuguese thought that the Atlantic extended all the way to China.
• Wind Systems and Ocean Currents. Sailors began to understand the cycles of the wind systems and no longer hugged coast lines, allowing the winds to blow them across the sea from one shore to the other. When propulsion graduated from foot power and wind power, then progress was made. Speed increased exponentially and there was no longer the fear of being stranded far from a source of food supply.